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good morning i'm tabitha thompson with

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nasa's office of communication welcome

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to what's on board at nasa's kennedy

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space center over the next hour we'll

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discuss research investigations

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launching on the upcoming spacex

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resupply mission to the international

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space station

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in addition to crew supplies the space

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craft will deliver new experiments that

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have the potential to improve life on

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earth

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in addition to taking questions from

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people attending in person for the

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launch you can submit questions via

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social media with

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ask nasa

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joining us first are tara rutley

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associate program scientist for the

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international space station and patrick

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o'neill with the center for the

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advancement of science in space which

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manages the us national lab on the space

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thank you let's see good morning it's

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very cool to be here i want to just open

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by saying patrick and i are excited to

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have a little coffee chat with you guys

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this morning about the science that's

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going up on the international space

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station

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i don't know about you it's been a long

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time since i've been here at ksc and

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when i drove up this morning there's

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nothing like the sight of everything

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that's happening out there it's very

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alive it's very exciting to be here i

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think the audience here is really ramped

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up and we're all just excited to see

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what's happening here tomorrow but i'm

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really excited about the science that's

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happening on the space station um that's

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where i'm from and that's why we have

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the space station is to do

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research and develop technology

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patrick's going to tell you a lot about

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why we do it for benefits on earth we

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also do it for exploration and this

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particular spacex launch is going to

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send supplies and research up that's

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going to support over well just about

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300 investigations that's going to be

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happening over the next six month period

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they're going to represent those

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investigations are going to represent

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800 scientists work on the ground around

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the planet that's going to be done by

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six people on orbit

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so the science is being multiplied the

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technology the advancements in how we do

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business and how we understand how

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things behave is going to be advanced

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over the next several months because of

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this particular flight and we get to get

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samples home because of the spacex

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return vehicle as well

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so why do we do

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science in space

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most of you probably have some kind of a

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clue if you're here you know why for

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those of you who are just kind of you

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know asking yourselves i don't really

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know um you know because it's cool

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because because things behave

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differently yeah it's a resource

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that only we have access to that you

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can't get access to here on earth

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the space flight environment not just

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microgravity and that take that gravity

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vector out of the work that you do but

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also the external environment of space

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the ability to look down at our planet

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the ability to look beyond our planet

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the ability to test new materials in the

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external environment the ability to test

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inside the environment

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by using microgravity to see how changes

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happen in living systems or how

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unpredictably physical sciences can

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problems can behave things that you know

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that are predictable in terms of science

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or everyday behavior here on the planet

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could be totally unpredictable once you

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get into space and that's why the

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scientists want to use that environment

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that particular laboratory that you

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can't do here on earth and it's a good

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time to be a space scientist or a space

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technologist or just a very curious

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human being here on earth

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with that i'm going to pass along to

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patrick who can tell you a lot about

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some of the investigations that are

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going to be happening on the national

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laboratory portfolio cool well thank you

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very much tara and thank you all for

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being here this morning again my name is

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patrick o'neill with the center for the

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advancement of science and space and we

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do manage the us national lab on the

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space station um show of hands real

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quick uh because one of the cool things

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about the nasa social group that

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typically comes out for this is that it

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kind of changes a little bit um how many

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people here

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knew that the iss was a national

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laboratory before showing up this week

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oh well that's good uh oftentimes

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there's a lot of people that really

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don't know that the iss was declared a

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national laboratory and a little

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background on that in 2005 congress

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they did they wanted they wanted to try

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to open up channels for researchers and

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the reason they wanted to do that was

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because they looked at the research that

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nasa was doing and they were saying gosh

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you know what there's so much incredible

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things that are happening on the space

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station and it's such a an enabler for

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everything from life sciences to

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material sciences physical sciences

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technology development earth observation

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remote sensing student research

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but right now all the things that nasa

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is doing it's kind of focused more

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towards exploration

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what if we turned things around and

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started looking at how we can use

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microgravity to benefit life on earth

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that would enable so many more

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researchers to take advantage of this

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platform and so that's what the national

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laboratory is about it's about providing

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this microgravity environment to you

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this is something that we have all

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invested in into and something that now

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is available for each researchers to

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take advantage of so tara talked about

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the excitement of being here and you

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know i think that it's it's a very

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exciting time in general to be involved

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in kind of the launch business and more

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importantly though from us though it's

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exciting not about just the launches but

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what's going to be happening inside of

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those launches what's going up to the

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space station that's what we're here

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about the talk about the science and you

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know again as we kind of morph into the

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national lab payloads there's an awful

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lot that's going up and so one of the

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things that terra alluded to was the

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notion that spacex has the ability to

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not only send research to the space

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station but to also send research back

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down to the ground and so what we've

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come to find with a lot of the spacex

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missions is that it really caters

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heavily towards the life sciences and on

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this particular mission that is no

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different so in total we have about 30

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over 35 iss national lab payloads that

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are destined for the space station the

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vast majority of which are focused on

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life sciences and it really does kind of

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stretch the the boundaries of life

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science from protein crystallography to

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stem cell investigations to uh cell

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culture design drug discovery drug

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development and all of these are done

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with the intention of benefiting life on

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earth so we're going to hear about some

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of the researchers today and some of

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their investigations and in general

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again it's just a really great time to

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be involved in space-based research and

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i guess at this point we're happy to

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answer any questions that you might have

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about some of the payloads that are on

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if you have a question just raise your

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hand and someone will come to you with a

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[Music]

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so

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those who are on the international space

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station right now they're going to get

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the uh the the payload of the from the

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the um

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the crs 10 that's that's going up um

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what kind of scientists are there now

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and what kind of experiments are they

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going to perform

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that's a very good question so the the

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astronauts who are going to receive this

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set of payloads are going to perform

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experiments across many different

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disciplines we have experiments uh to

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look at the earth we're sending up a

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aerosol experiment you'll hear more

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about that this morning looking at ozone

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they're going to be looking they're

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going to be performing a whole bunch of

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human physiology experiments so we've

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got resources that are going up to

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support that because we want to advance

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benefits to knowledge about that on

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earth but also huge for space

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exploration beyond low earth orbit

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biological sciences you'll hear about

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some of the genetics and some of the

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bacterial research that's happening this

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morning from some of our speakers

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we've got physical sciences we've got

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processing of materials alloys we've got

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some fluid physics we've got a whole

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suite of things and we've got

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educational experiments going up too

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that students themselves designed as

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well as little cubesats that get

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launched from the space station from

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commercial companies so this particular

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crew is going to receive a wide range of

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things and they've been trained on

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everything they're supposed to be

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working on and they are knowledgeable in

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it and they are going to be our proxy

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scientists for this mission

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[Music]

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uh this question this ask nasa question

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is from a student named janet and she

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asks will these supply missions help

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achieve the goal of transporting humans

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to mars

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oh definitely that's a really good

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question

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always so exploring beyond low earth

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orbit that is nasa's one of nasa's main

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goals right so that is a good question

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because this is the time now that we

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have this laboratory in microgravity to

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test out every type of technology and

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understand every type of change that

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happens in the body so that we can go

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and explore explore uh mars so so quite

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definitely a lot of the human

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physiological sciences will will take

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charge of that but also some of the

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technology development too so you'll

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hear about some of those this morning

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that are going to enable that as well

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from places and groups such as the space

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test program

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that the dod is sponsoring this morning

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uh so speaking of sorry speaking of

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physiological changes i know that um

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we learned some really interesting stuff

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when scott kelly came back recently

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particularly about

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the telomere lengthening and i know

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everyone's super excited about that i'm

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very excited about it and i know they've

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got a pcr machine up there on the space

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station so is there a plan to follow up

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specifically with that there are plans

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you know the human research program is

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still

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looking at the uh the results of that

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investigation i too when i heard the

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telomere lengthening i thought

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how how i don't even know how that's

281
00:09:47,110 --> 00:09:44,560
possible right uh so space flight go

282
00:09:49,030 --> 00:09:47,120
figure um but so those results are still

283
00:09:51,110 --> 00:09:49,040
being um investigated and we're going to

284
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give some time for the human research

285
00:09:54,230 --> 00:09:52,959
program to come up with a new plan and

286
00:09:56,790 --> 00:09:54,240
how they want to go forward on those

287
00:09:58,470 --> 00:09:56,800
evaluations but the technology that we

288
00:10:00,470 --> 00:09:58,480
are creating for space stations such as

289
00:10:03,509 --> 00:10:00,480
the pcr device or all these other

290
00:10:05,030 --> 00:10:03,519
genomics analytics that are now on space

291
00:10:06,949 --> 00:10:05,040
station that i have access that all

292
00:10:09,110 --> 00:10:06,959
scientists have access to

293
00:10:10,150 --> 00:10:09,120
are part of the suite of improvements

294
00:10:17,590 --> 00:10:10,160
that can

295
00:10:23,590 --> 00:10:18,949
we i think we could take two more

296
00:10:28,790 --> 00:10:25,910
okay um because of the number and

297
00:10:31,030 --> 00:10:28,800
diversity of experiments what kind of um

298
00:10:32,630 --> 00:10:31,040
education and prep

299
00:10:34,150 --> 00:10:32,640
is required of the people who are on the

300
00:10:36,069 --> 00:10:34,160
space station like what is the length of

301
00:10:38,550 --> 00:10:36,079
time that they have to prepare for these

302
00:10:41,190 --> 00:10:38,560
experiments yeah so and feel free to

303
00:10:42,470 --> 00:10:41,200
jump in anything anytime you know i'm

304
00:10:43,590 --> 00:10:42,480
just the marketing guy you're you're

305
00:10:45,590 --> 00:10:43,600
that you're the size i'm just gonna do

306
00:10:46,470 --> 00:10:45,600
all the talking patrick's like you got

307
00:10:48,949 --> 00:10:46,480
this

308
00:10:50,790 --> 00:10:48,959
um so the crew members train about a

309
00:10:52,550 --> 00:10:50,800
year and a half once they're assigned to

310
00:10:53,990 --> 00:10:52,560
a space station mission and they have to

311
00:10:55,509 --> 00:10:54,000
learn about the vehicle right they've

312
00:10:57,430 --> 00:10:55,519
got to learn how to stay alive how to

313
00:10:59,509 --> 00:10:57,440
stay safe how to to keep the mission

314
00:11:01,509 --> 00:10:59,519
going but also part of their training

315
00:11:03,670 --> 00:11:01,519
very critical part of their training is

316
00:11:06,230 --> 00:11:03,680
the um all the science so they're

317
00:11:08,150 --> 00:11:06,240
assigned to a set of science experiments

318
00:11:09,910 --> 00:11:08,160
and that becomes theirs and so they're

319
00:11:10,870 --> 00:11:09,920
trained on those particularly all across

320
00:11:13,030 --> 00:11:10,880
the country they'll work with the

321
00:11:14,550 --> 00:11:13,040
investigators they'll work with the

322
00:11:16,630 --> 00:11:14,560
trainers at johnson space center and at

323
00:11:18,150 --> 00:11:16,640
marshall space flight center

324
00:11:19,269 --> 00:11:18,160
and they ask questions and then once on

325
00:11:20,710 --> 00:11:19,279
orbit

326
00:11:22,710 --> 00:11:20,720
you know they can call down and talk to

327
00:11:23,750 --> 00:11:22,720
the investigator too if they need to

328
00:11:27,269 --> 00:11:23,760
so

329
00:11:30,150 --> 00:11:27,279
everything that happens on space station

330
00:11:30,949 --> 00:11:30,160
in terms of experiments are using humans

331
00:11:32,389 --> 00:11:30,959
some of these some of these

332
00:11:33,829 --> 00:11:32,399
investigations are automated which is

333
00:11:35,269 --> 00:11:33,839
very cool too

334
00:11:37,190 --> 00:11:35,279
but they're trained all through the

335
00:11:38,949 --> 00:11:37,200
science and they are also trained before

336
00:11:40,389 --> 00:11:38,959
they're assigned they have baseline

337
00:11:42,069 --> 00:11:40,399
training that keeps them

338
00:11:43,509 --> 00:11:42,079
up on their life sciences skills and

339
00:11:44,790 --> 00:11:43,519
their biomedical skills and their

340
00:11:49,430 --> 00:11:44,800
physical sciences and those kind of

341
00:11:53,829 --> 00:11:51,509
okay so mine's not as scientific but it

342
00:11:55,269 --> 00:11:53,839
has to do with taking stuff up there um

343
00:11:57,350 --> 00:11:55,279
a couple weeks ago we had the super bowl

344
00:11:59,509 --> 00:11:57,360
and i noticed that the people had the

345
00:12:01,190 --> 00:11:59,519
right jerseys i'm thinking do they just

346
00:12:03,030 --> 00:12:01,200
have a jersey for every team that could

347
00:12:05,269 --> 00:12:03,040
possibly win the super bowl i mean how

348
00:12:07,750 --> 00:12:05,279
do they get that up there

349
00:12:09,670 --> 00:12:07,760
probably so i heard i i was on one of

350
00:12:11,030 --> 00:12:09,680
those super bowl tours with a public

351
00:12:12,790 --> 00:12:11,040
affairs person and they were asked the

352
00:12:15,350 --> 00:12:12,800
same question and she said

353
00:12:17,670 --> 00:12:15,360
lots of preparation

354
00:12:19,030 --> 00:12:17,680
i don't really know but my guess is

355
00:12:21,110 --> 00:12:19,040
somebody's pretty smart on what's

356
00:12:22,629 --> 00:12:21,120
happening on the football field there

357
00:12:24,150 --> 00:12:22,639
and and they're watching their their

358
00:12:25,910 --> 00:12:24,160
maybe they're in fantasy football now i

359
00:12:27,509 --> 00:12:25,920
don't know but uh yeah someone's pretty

360
00:12:29,190 --> 00:12:27,519
smart and can launch these things ahead

361
00:12:31,269 --> 00:12:29,200
of time and it takes a lot of a lot of

362
00:12:33,350 --> 00:12:31,279
prep my bigger question was did they

363
00:12:35,590 --> 00:12:33,360
send that football up inflated or was it

364
00:12:37,110 --> 00:12:35,600
deflated you know i guess

365
00:12:42,790 --> 00:12:37,120
you think they think of all the pressure

366
00:12:47,610 --> 00:12:45,190
thank you both very much all right thank

367
00:12:51,350 --> 00:12:47,620
you patrick and tara

368
00:12:53,030 --> 00:12:51,360
[Applause]

369
00:12:54,790 --> 00:12:53,040
a great explanation of of the research

370
00:12:57,829 --> 00:12:54,800
headed up as well as what the crew does

371
00:12:59,590 --> 00:12:57,839
to prepare um next we'll hear about two

372
00:13:01,590 --> 00:12:59,600
instruments that will provide valuable

373
00:13:03,190 --> 00:13:01,600
earth science data joining us are

374
00:13:05,670 --> 00:13:03,200
michael freilick earth science division

375
00:13:07,190 --> 00:13:05,680
at nasa headquarters mike suzuki from

376
00:13:09,110 --> 00:13:07,200
nasa's langley research center and

377
00:13:18,949 --> 00:13:09,120
richard blakeslee from nasa's marshall

378
00:13:24,230 --> 00:13:21,190
well thanks very much and thanks to all

379
00:13:25,910 --> 00:13:24,240
of you for waking up early in the day

380
00:13:28,629 --> 00:13:25,920
and coming out

381
00:13:30,550 --> 00:13:28,639
and helping to spread the word uh to all

382
00:13:31,990 --> 00:13:30,560
of your followers about the great things

383
00:13:36,550 --> 00:13:32,000
that we're doing

384
00:13:39,750 --> 00:13:36,560
on the iss and in the crs 10 uh flight

385
00:13:41,990 --> 00:13:39,760
so when crs 10 launches as as you heard

386
00:13:45,750 --> 00:13:42,000
it's actually going to have two earth

387
00:13:47,910 --> 00:13:45,760
observing instruments on it sage 3 to

388
00:13:51,350 --> 00:13:47,920
measure atmospheric constituents and

389
00:13:53,990 --> 00:13:51,360
aerosols and a lightning imaging sensor

390
00:13:56,310 --> 00:13:54,000
so we're going to go from the earth

391
00:13:59,990 --> 00:13:56,320
to the space station in order to look

392
00:14:02,870 --> 00:14:00,000
back down on the earth and that's not as

393
00:14:06,069 --> 00:14:02,880
weird as it might seem because our

394
00:14:09,590 --> 00:14:06,079
planet is a really complex system we

395
00:14:12,550 --> 00:14:09,600
have processes on the ocean on the land

396
00:14:15,910 --> 00:14:12,560
in the atmosphere physical processes

397
00:14:19,269 --> 00:14:15,920
chemical processes biological processes

398
00:14:22,310 --> 00:14:19,279
and the key to understanding our planet

399
00:14:25,269 --> 00:14:22,320
is to not unders not only understand

400
00:14:28,550 --> 00:14:25,279
individual processes but the connections

401
00:14:31,750 --> 00:14:28,560
between them and only from the vantage

402
00:14:34,069 --> 00:14:31,760
point of space can we make measurements

403
00:14:36,949 --> 00:14:34,079
that have global extent

404
00:14:38,150 --> 00:14:36,959
but high spatial resolution fine

405
00:14:41,110 --> 00:14:38,160
resolution

406
00:14:42,069 --> 00:14:41,120
on on the surface uh frequently at every

407
00:14:44,949 --> 00:14:42,079
point

408
00:14:47,430 --> 00:14:44,959
over long periods of time a first uh

409
00:14:48,389 --> 00:14:47,440
slide please

410
00:14:51,269 --> 00:14:48,399
and

411
00:14:53,750 --> 00:14:51,279
in nasa what we are doing in order to

412
00:14:56,389 --> 00:14:53,760
understand the interactions between

413
00:14:59,590 --> 00:14:56,399
processes our whole environment is that

414
00:15:02,629 --> 00:14:59,600
we are making measurements of many

415
00:15:06,629 --> 00:15:02,639
different variables using an on-orbit

416
00:15:09,829 --> 00:15:06,639
fleet of about 20 spacecraft and major

417
00:15:13,670 --> 00:15:09,839
instruments in the lower half of this

418
00:15:16,949 --> 00:15:13,680
visual and we have firm plans over the

419
00:15:19,990 --> 00:15:16,959
next five years or so to launch about

420
00:15:23,750 --> 00:15:20,000
another 20

421
00:15:27,430 --> 00:15:23,760
instruments and major missions uh into

422
00:15:30,230 --> 00:15:27,440
space so that we have measurements of

423
00:15:33,509 --> 00:15:30,240
many different variables all at the same

424
00:15:36,470 --> 00:15:33,519
time covering the entire globe next

425
00:15:42,470 --> 00:15:39,990
and we are not only flying our own

426
00:15:44,870 --> 00:15:42,480
satellites or putting instruments on

427
00:15:48,310 --> 00:15:44,880
partner satellites or even

428
00:15:49,829 --> 00:15:48,320
private sector satellites but of course

429
00:15:52,389 --> 00:15:49,839
since you're here today and we're here

430
00:15:54,870 --> 00:15:52,399
today we are also making measurements

431
00:15:57,990 --> 00:15:54,880
from the international space station and

432
00:16:00,629 --> 00:15:58,000
it turns out to be extremely efficient

433
00:16:03,430 --> 00:16:00,639
and from a scientific standpoint

434
00:16:05,910 --> 00:16:03,440
extremely useful to use the space

435
00:16:10,389 --> 00:16:05,920
station because the space station orbit

436
00:16:12,629 --> 00:16:10,399
is really unique and we presently today

437
00:16:15,590 --> 00:16:12,639
have one instrument the cloud aerosol

438
00:16:19,269 --> 00:16:15,600
transport system which is operating on

439
00:16:21,910 --> 00:16:19,279
the space station lis and sage three

440
00:16:24,389 --> 00:16:21,920
will be launching on crs 10 and we have

441
00:16:26,790 --> 00:16:24,399
firm plans for about another five or

442
00:16:29,990 --> 00:16:26,800
more instruments to fly to the space

443
00:16:32,150 --> 00:16:30,000
station over the next several years so

444
00:16:35,990 --> 00:16:32,160
with that i think i'll stop with the

445
00:16:37,670 --> 00:16:36,000
introduction and turn to uh our my two

446
00:16:38,710 --> 00:16:37,680
colleagues here

447
00:16:41,910 --> 00:16:38,720
mike

448
00:16:44,790 --> 00:16:41,920
and rich to talk in detail about the

449
00:16:47,590 --> 00:16:44,800
measurements from sage three and the

450
00:16:48,949 --> 00:16:47,600
lightning imaging sensor

451
00:16:50,870 --> 00:16:48,959
thank you mike

452
00:16:52,949 --> 00:16:50,880
i'm very excited to be here today to

453
00:16:54,949 --> 00:16:52,959
share with you about stage three and so

454
00:16:56,470 --> 00:16:54,959
if we can get the first chart

455
00:16:58,629 --> 00:16:56,480
i'm going to start off with a little bit

456
00:17:01,430 --> 00:16:58,639
of history so you guys have the right

457
00:17:03,509 --> 00:17:01,440
context and can go ahead and understand

458
00:17:05,590 --> 00:17:03,519
what we do and how we fit

459
00:17:08,710 --> 00:17:05,600
the first sage-like measurements from

460
00:17:10,470 --> 00:17:08,720
space were made in 1975 by astronaut

461
00:17:12,470 --> 00:17:10,480
dick slayton

462
00:17:15,429 --> 00:17:12,480
dick used a little

463
00:17:17,669 --> 00:17:15,439
window mounted sun photometer to go

464
00:17:20,549 --> 00:17:17,679
ahead and measure the atmosphere

465
00:17:23,990 --> 00:17:20,559
during sunset and sunrise as the apollo

466
00:17:26,630 --> 00:17:24,000
capsule rotated or orbited the earth

467
00:17:28,630 --> 00:17:26,640
since that time scientists and engineers

468
00:17:29,590 --> 00:17:28,640
at nasa's langley research center where

469
00:17:30,950 --> 00:17:29,600
i'm from

470
00:17:33,590 --> 00:17:30,960
have basically

471
00:17:37,669 --> 00:17:33,600
continually improve that technique

472
00:17:41,029 --> 00:17:38,470
the

473
00:17:42,310 --> 00:17:41,039
sage 3 instrument payload you see behind

474
00:17:44,870 --> 00:17:42,320
me

475
00:17:46,710 --> 00:17:44,880
is the latest in that series

476
00:17:48,950 --> 00:17:46,720
we're going to be mounted outside of the

477
00:17:50,070 --> 00:17:48,960
space station okay in the vacuum of

478
00:17:52,070 --> 00:17:50,080
space

479
00:17:53,990 --> 00:17:52,080
and from there we'll go ahead and make

480
00:17:57,350 --> 00:17:54,000
high vertical resolution

481
00:18:00,470 --> 00:17:57,360
measurements of the atmosphere of ozone

482
00:18:01,990 --> 00:18:00,480
nitrogen dioxide water vapor

483
00:18:04,390 --> 00:18:02,000
and aerosols

484
00:18:07,830 --> 00:18:04,400
to go ahead and understand

485
00:18:10,070 --> 00:18:07,840
our atmosphere in the ozone layer

486
00:18:12,549 --> 00:18:10,080
back in the 1980s

487
00:18:14,870 --> 00:18:12,559
scientists warned the public about the

488
00:18:18,070 --> 00:18:14,880
dangers of chlorofluorocarbons okay

489
00:18:19,029 --> 00:18:18,080
mostly freon's used in air conditioning

490
00:18:23,350 --> 00:18:19,039
and

491
00:18:26,150 --> 00:18:23,360
right they implemented the montreal

492
00:18:28,150 --> 00:18:26,160
protocol to go ahead and and eliminate

493
00:18:29,590 --> 00:18:28,160
the harmful chemicals to protect the

494
00:18:31,350 --> 00:18:29,600
ozone layer

495
00:18:32,310 --> 00:18:31,360
and the great news guys is is that it

496
00:18:34,710 --> 00:18:32,320
worked

497
00:18:37,190 --> 00:18:34,720
so data from sage ii

498
00:18:39,190 --> 00:18:37,200
and other nasa sensors that mike just

499
00:18:41,270 --> 00:18:39,200
went ahead and showed you have showed

500
00:18:43,750 --> 00:18:41,280
that the decline of the ozone layer is

501
00:18:44,870 --> 00:18:43,760
stopped and atmospheric models are

502
00:18:47,830 --> 00:18:44,880
predicting

503
00:18:49,909 --> 00:18:47,840
a full recovery by mid-century

504
00:18:51,669 --> 00:18:49,919
so how does sage 3 fit into that we're

505
00:18:53,510 --> 00:18:51,679
going to make measurements right now

506
00:18:54,789 --> 00:18:53,520
from the space station

507
00:18:57,430 --> 00:18:54,799
that show

508
00:18:59,029 --> 00:18:57,440
the recovery is on track

509
00:19:00,789 --> 00:18:59,039
so i think that from a science

510
00:19:01,830 --> 00:19:00,799
perspective it doesn't get any better

511
00:19:03,990 --> 00:19:01,840
than that

512
00:19:06,070 --> 00:19:04,000
um so um

513
00:19:09,110 --> 00:19:06,080
behind me next please i've got a short

514
00:19:13,830 --> 00:19:11,350
this is a animation prepared by the

515
00:19:15,350 --> 00:19:13,840
robotics team at the nasa johnson space

516
00:19:16,870 --> 00:19:15,360
flight center

517
00:19:18,070 --> 00:19:16,880
and this is showing the assembly

518
00:19:20,950 --> 00:19:18,080
sequence

519
00:19:22,470 --> 00:19:20,960
on orbit okay that's done all by

520
00:19:24,390 --> 00:19:22,480
robotics

521
00:19:25,590 --> 00:19:24,400
to go ahead and install us to the space

522
00:19:27,510 --> 00:19:25,600
station

523
00:19:30,310 --> 00:19:27,520
and what you're seeing here is really

524
00:19:31,350 --> 00:19:30,320
accelerated this is 13 days of work two

525
00:19:34,070 --> 00:19:31,360
shifts

526
00:19:35,909 --> 00:19:34,080
um in about 30 seconds

527
00:19:37,750 --> 00:19:35,919
and just kind of think of this this

528
00:19:39,270 --> 00:19:37,760
assembly sequence is extremely

529
00:19:42,789 --> 00:19:39,280
complicated

530
00:19:45,510 --> 00:19:42,799
system that we're going to go ahead and

531
00:19:47,909 --> 00:19:45,520
help measure with sage 3.

532
00:19:50,710 --> 00:19:47,919
to wrap it up we're extremely excited

533
00:19:52,310 --> 00:19:50,720
about launch on spacex okay

534
00:19:54,950 --> 00:19:52,320
getting on with the installation

535
00:19:56,630 --> 00:19:54,960
sequence and you guys understand how

536
00:19:58,710 --> 00:19:56,640
important the data is that we're going

537
00:20:01,270 --> 00:19:58,720
to collect from the space station to

538
00:20:03,430 --> 00:20:01,280
monitor the health of the ozone layer so

539
00:20:06,310 --> 00:20:03,440
if you guys are interested in more check

540
00:20:10,230 --> 00:20:06,320
our website out sage.nasa.gov

541
00:20:14,070 --> 00:20:12,549
good morning my name is uh richard

542
00:20:16,390 --> 00:20:14,080
blakesley i'm the

543
00:20:17,590 --> 00:20:16,400
science lead for the lightning imaging

544
00:20:18,710 --> 00:20:17,600
sensor

545
00:20:21,110 --> 00:20:18,720
this was an instrument that was

546
00:20:23,029 --> 00:20:21,120
developed by nasa marshall space flight

547
00:20:24,230 --> 00:20:23,039
center and the university of alabama in

548
00:20:26,310 --> 00:20:24,240
huntsville

549
00:20:28,789 --> 00:20:26,320
and we're really excited

550
00:20:31,190 --> 00:20:28,799
for this mission of opportunity to place

551
00:20:33,510 --> 00:20:31,200
the liz instrument on the international

552
00:20:35,190 --> 00:20:33,520
space station to measure global

553
00:20:37,270 --> 00:20:35,200
lightning

554
00:20:40,070 --> 00:20:37,280
but let me begin by noting that this

555
00:20:42,710 --> 00:20:40,080
instrument really is a tried and true

556
00:20:47,110 --> 00:20:42,720
sensor and the reason i say that is it's

557
00:20:48,149 --> 00:20:47,120
a uh it's a carbon copy of an instrument

558
00:20:53,110 --> 00:20:48,159
that

559
00:20:55,110 --> 00:20:53,120
tropical rainfall measuring mission for

560
00:20:57,270 --> 00:20:55,120
17 years

561
00:20:58,549 --> 00:20:57,280
and therefore by placing the liz

562
00:21:01,750 --> 00:20:58,559
instrument

563
00:21:03,990 --> 00:21:01,760
on the international space station

564
00:21:06,950 --> 00:21:04,000
we can not only continue

565
00:21:08,710 --> 00:21:06,960
that 17-year record of tropical

566
00:21:11,510 --> 00:21:08,720
lightning measurements

567
00:21:13,029 --> 00:21:11,520
but we can also expand the latitudinal

568
00:21:13,830 --> 00:21:13,039
coverage

569
00:21:16,230 --> 00:21:13,840
to

570
00:21:18,549 --> 00:21:16,240
latitudes that were not possibly were

571
00:21:20,549 --> 00:21:18,559
not possible to see from the trim

572
00:21:22,390 --> 00:21:20,559
spacecraft

573
00:21:23,430 --> 00:21:22,400
in addition we're excited that this

574
00:21:26,230 --> 00:21:23,440
instrument

575
00:21:28,630 --> 00:21:26,240
can be used

576
00:21:31,510 --> 00:21:28,640
to help calibrate and validate

577
00:21:33,110 --> 00:21:31,520
the new geostationary lightning mapper

578
00:21:37,029 --> 00:21:33,120
this was an instrument that was launched

579
00:21:39,669 --> 00:21:37,039
in november uh on noaa's

580
00:21:43,590 --> 00:21:39,679
new newest weather satellite

581
00:21:48,630 --> 00:21:45,590
but however one of the most important

582
00:21:49,510 --> 00:21:48,640
science objectives uh for for this

583
00:21:52,230 --> 00:21:49,520
mission

584
00:21:54,789 --> 00:21:52,240
is to better understand the processes

585
00:21:57,110 --> 00:21:54,799
that create lightning and also the

586
00:21:58,390 --> 00:21:57,120
connections between lightning

587
00:21:59,510 --> 00:21:58,400
and and

588
00:22:02,149 --> 00:21:59,520
uh

589
00:22:03,430 --> 00:22:02,159
subsequent severe weather events

590
00:22:06,310 --> 00:22:03,440
um

591
00:22:08,390 --> 00:22:06,320
in nasa recently just experienced one of

592
00:22:09,750 --> 00:22:08,400
these in in one of its facilities when

593
00:22:12,950 --> 00:22:09,760
they uh

594
00:22:15,750 --> 00:22:12,960
had a damaging tornado

595
00:22:16,630 --> 00:22:15,760
so our improved understanding will lead

596
00:22:18,549 --> 00:22:16,640
to

597
00:22:20,149 --> 00:22:18,559
improved weather forecasts

598
00:22:22,630 --> 00:22:20,159
and and

599
00:22:23,669 --> 00:22:22,640
and this will lead to saving lives and

600
00:22:26,470 --> 00:22:23,679
property

601
00:22:28,310 --> 00:22:26,480
here in the united states and and also

602
00:22:30,390 --> 00:22:28,320
elsewhere in the world

603
00:22:33,750 --> 00:22:30,400
could i have my first uh

604
00:22:38,950 --> 00:22:36,710
so once the liz is delivered to the

605
00:22:41,909 --> 00:22:38,960
international space station like sage it

606
00:22:44,230 --> 00:22:41,919
will be robotically uh transferred to a

607
00:22:46,470 --> 00:22:44,240
position on the outside of of the space

608
00:22:47,510 --> 00:22:46,480
station where it can continuously

609
00:22:49,430 --> 00:22:47,520
observe

610
00:22:53,270 --> 00:22:49,440
the lightning as the

611
00:22:56,710 --> 00:22:55,669
what what liz actually measures is the

612
00:22:58,710 --> 00:22:56,720
amount

613
00:23:00,470 --> 00:22:58,720
rate and radiant energy

614
00:23:03,190 --> 00:23:00,480
of lightning and it does this both

615
00:23:05,830 --> 00:23:03,200
during the night and day

616
00:23:08,549 --> 00:23:05,840
and and does it with high detection

617
00:23:10,470 --> 00:23:08,559
efficiency and what that means is that

618
00:23:12,470 --> 00:23:10,480
about 90 percent or more of the

619
00:23:13,350 --> 00:23:12,480
lightning that's within the liz field of

620
00:23:15,190 --> 00:23:13,360
view

621
00:23:17,029 --> 00:23:15,200
is detected by this

622
00:23:19,029 --> 00:23:17,039
instrument

623
00:23:20,870 --> 00:23:19,039
one of the very unique features of this

624
00:23:22,870 --> 00:23:20,880
instrument however is that it's able to

625
00:23:25,110 --> 00:23:22,880
detect the lightning during the daytime

626
00:23:26,230 --> 00:23:25,120
conventional cameras cannot see

627
00:23:28,789 --> 00:23:26,240
lightning

628
00:23:32,470 --> 00:23:28,799
during the day and it does this by using

629
00:23:33,430 --> 00:23:32,480
a narrow band near ir

630
00:23:35,830 --> 00:23:33,440
channel

631
00:23:38,950 --> 00:23:35,840
and special processing

632
00:23:42,070 --> 00:23:38,960
to extract the weak lightning signal

633
00:23:43,750 --> 00:23:42,080
from the very strong uh solar light

634
00:23:45,830 --> 00:23:43,760
that's that's reflected off of the

635
00:23:49,110 --> 00:23:45,840
clouds

636
00:23:51,830 --> 00:23:49,120
could i have the next video please

637
00:23:53,830 --> 00:23:51,840
so this video shows what lightning looks

638
00:23:55,909 --> 00:23:53,840
like from space taken from the

639
00:23:57,029 --> 00:23:55,919
international space station and what you

640
00:23:59,510 --> 00:23:57,039
can see

641
00:24:02,549 --> 00:23:59,520
is that the space station provides an

642
00:24:04,549 --> 00:24:02,559
excellent vantage point for viewing from

643
00:24:06,950 --> 00:24:04,559
viewing lightning

644
00:24:09,909 --> 00:24:06,960
and the earth produces a lot of

645
00:24:11,750 --> 00:24:09,919
lightning at any instant in time there's

646
00:24:13,750 --> 00:24:11,760
there's from one to two thousand

647
00:24:16,950 --> 00:24:13,760
thunderstorms occurring

648
00:24:19,750 --> 00:24:16,960
producing 45 flashes per second on

649
00:24:21,990 --> 00:24:19,760
average and even that number was

650
00:24:25,430 --> 00:24:22,000
determined from our previous mission the

651
00:24:26,549 --> 00:24:25,440
liz on the tropical rainfall measurement

652
00:24:27,830 --> 00:24:26,559
mission

653
00:24:29,350 --> 00:24:27,840
so

654
00:24:31,029 --> 00:24:29,360
our team

655
00:24:32,390 --> 00:24:31,039
and really a host of scientists

656
00:24:34,470 --> 00:24:32,400
worldwide

657
00:24:35,990 --> 00:24:34,480
are are excitedly waiting for this

658
00:24:37,990 --> 00:24:36,000
instrument to be turned on and for the

659
00:24:40,470 --> 00:24:38,000
data to start flowing

660
00:24:43,269 --> 00:24:40,480
so they can apply these measurements to

661
00:24:45,110 --> 00:24:43,279
studies in weather climate atmospheric

662
00:24:48,070 --> 00:24:45,120
chemistry and physics

663
00:24:50,950 --> 00:24:49,669
with that we'll open it up for questions

664
00:24:52,230 --> 00:24:50,960
again if you have a question in the room

665
00:24:54,310 --> 00:24:52,240
raise your hand if you're following

666
00:24:56,149 --> 00:24:54,320
along on social media make sure you ask

667
00:24:59,430 --> 00:24:56,159
your questions via

668
00:25:02,070 --> 00:24:59,440
ask nasa what are some of the um

669
00:25:04,470 --> 00:25:02,080
like practical non-weather science

670
00:25:06,630 --> 00:25:04,480
applications for studying the

671
00:25:08,630 --> 00:25:06,640
lightning patterns

672
00:25:10,870 --> 00:25:08,640
so some of the what might be considered

673
00:25:12,549 --> 00:25:10,880
a non-weather uh

674
00:25:15,669 --> 00:25:12,559
science would be looking at the

675
00:25:18,630 --> 00:25:15,679
relationship between lightning and and

676
00:25:21,110 --> 00:25:18,640
uh the nitric oxides uh lightning is a

677
00:25:23,590 --> 00:25:21,120
natural producer of nitric oxide it's

678
00:25:25,430 --> 00:25:23,600
one of the largest producers

679
00:25:27,830 --> 00:25:25,440
and that nitric oxides can also then

680
00:25:29,590 --> 00:25:27,840
produce ozone and and so we want to know

681
00:25:32,149 --> 00:25:29,600
what's actually happening that man isn't

682
00:25:41,190 --> 00:25:32,159
producing so this this is a useful way

683
00:25:45,590 --> 00:25:43,029
i was really interested to hear about

684
00:25:48,070 --> 00:25:45,600
the potential ozone recovery i wasn't

685
00:25:50,390 --> 00:25:48,080
aware of that that's amazing and really

686
00:25:51,830 --> 00:25:50,400
exciting um and in light of that i was

687
00:25:53,990 --> 00:25:51,840
actually gonna ask this question anyway

688
00:25:55,350 --> 00:25:54,000
but it's even more pertinent now um

689
00:25:57,110 --> 00:25:55,360
we obviously have an administration

690
00:25:59,350 --> 00:25:57,120
that's actively

691
00:26:00,710 --> 00:25:59,360
pursuing deregulation of waste and

692
00:26:02,630 --> 00:26:00,720
emissions

693
00:26:05,029 --> 00:26:02,640
trying to roll back other environmental

694
00:26:06,950 --> 00:26:05,039
protection and climate change policy

695
00:26:09,029 --> 00:26:06,960
can something like sage iii and the data

696
00:26:11,110 --> 00:26:09,039
that you're gathering help to present

697
00:26:12,950 --> 00:26:11,120
more concrete evidence uh that what

698
00:26:15,430 --> 00:26:12,960
we're doing is or is not hurting the

699
00:26:17,110 --> 00:26:15,440
planet and help to influence that future

700
00:26:19,830 --> 00:26:17,120
legislation

701
00:26:21,990 --> 00:26:19,840
so so our job is is really to go ahead

702
00:26:24,230 --> 00:26:22,000
and produce the data

703
00:26:25,110 --> 00:26:24,240
and so the sage the sage has been doing

704
00:26:27,830 --> 00:26:25,120
that

705
00:26:30,070 --> 00:26:27,840
you know going back to the 70s the sage

706
00:26:33,590 --> 00:26:30,080
ii we flew on the earth radiation budget

707
00:26:34,470 --> 00:26:33,600
satellite launched in 1984 lasted 21

708
00:26:36,549 --> 00:26:34,480
years

709
00:26:37,590 --> 00:26:36,559
and so we've been producing high quality

710
00:26:40,310 --> 00:26:37,600
data

711
00:26:42,549 --> 00:26:40,320
that we go ahead and openly publish

712
00:26:44,710 --> 00:26:42,559
and goes out to the scientific community

713
00:26:47,269 --> 00:26:44,720
so they can address exactly that kind of

714
00:26:52,310 --> 00:26:47,279
question and my expectation is is that

715
00:26:52,320 --> 00:27:05,909
we have a question toward the back

716
00:27:09,510 --> 00:27:07,669
heinz can you just explain a little bit

717
00:27:11,190 --> 00:27:09,520
of the difference between the the

718
00:27:13,110 --> 00:27:11,200
lightning sensor on this and then the

719
00:27:15,110 --> 00:27:13,120
recently launched satellite is it just

720
00:27:16,549 --> 00:27:15,120
the altitude that gives you a different

721
00:27:19,110 --> 00:27:16,559
perspective

722
00:27:21,590 --> 00:27:19,120
yes so geostationary lightning mapper is

723
00:27:23,510 --> 00:27:21,600
actually its heritage is based on this

724
00:27:25,669 --> 00:27:23,520
instrument that we're flying now

725
00:27:26,630 --> 00:27:25,679
uh of course because it's geostationary

726
00:27:28,950 --> 00:27:26,640
it's going to be looking at the

727
00:27:29,990 --> 00:27:28,960
lightning in the western hemisphere it's

728
00:27:32,070 --> 00:27:30,000
going to be

729
00:27:33,750 --> 00:27:32,080
looking at it continuously

730
00:27:35,590 --> 00:27:33,760
this instrument will be observing

731
00:27:38,149 --> 00:27:35,600
lightning globally

732
00:27:40,470 --> 00:27:38,159
but it's also a well characterized

733
00:27:42,230 --> 00:27:40,480
sensor and so it's very useful we want

734
00:27:45,590 --> 00:27:42,240
to have a we want to continue our

735
00:27:47,669 --> 00:27:45,600
climatic record of of storms and and and

736
00:27:53,510 --> 00:27:47,679
by by comparing intercomparing the two

737
00:28:00,789 --> 00:27:55,510
we have a question

738
00:28:04,070 --> 00:28:02,230
good morning um

739
00:28:06,070 --> 00:28:04,080
excuse me i'm emily bonedrake i'm a

740
00:28:07,750 --> 00:28:06,080
social studies teacher at morris tech in

741
00:28:09,350 --> 00:28:07,760
new jersey and my students have been

742
00:28:10,789 --> 00:28:09,360
learning how this mission

743
00:28:12,149 --> 00:28:10,799
connects to things in history we've

744
00:28:14,549 --> 00:28:12,159
learned about from the scientific

745
00:28:19,110 --> 00:28:14,559
revolution and exploration and stuff but

746
00:28:21,590 --> 00:28:19,120
also how it can affect humanity now um

747
00:28:23,510 --> 00:28:21,600
so the question that was asked the most

748
00:28:25,190 --> 00:28:23,520
by my students is that we studied the

749
00:28:26,710 --> 00:28:25,200
idea of a renaissance man or a woman or

750
00:28:28,549 --> 00:28:26,720
a polymath and

751
00:28:29,830 --> 00:28:28,559
right away the talk of lightning as a

752
00:28:32,549 --> 00:28:29,840
history teacher makes you think of ben

753
00:28:34,870 --> 00:28:32,559
franklin um so they they've been curious

754
00:28:36,070 --> 00:28:34,880
as to how modern

755
00:28:38,149 --> 00:28:36,080
renaissance

756
00:28:39,990 --> 00:28:38,159
men or women are impacting these

757
00:28:41,430 --> 00:28:40,000
scientific missions today

758
00:28:43,750 --> 00:28:41,440
so they were

759
00:28:45,750 --> 00:28:43,760
just curious on a personal basis has

760
00:28:48,070 --> 00:28:45,760
there been an interest in the humanity

761
00:28:49,669 --> 00:28:48,080
something outside math or science

762
00:28:52,389 --> 00:28:49,679
we've already mentioned political

763
00:28:54,230 --> 00:28:52,399
aspects and historical aspects that have

764
00:28:56,470 --> 00:28:54,240
inspired your curiosity and made you

765
00:28:59,669 --> 00:28:56,480
better scientists or researchers or

766
00:29:02,710 --> 00:28:59,679
things like that that's a that's really

767
00:29:05,190 --> 00:29:02,720
a a great question and a great insight

768
00:29:07,350 --> 00:29:05,200
from your students

769
00:29:10,230 --> 00:29:07,360
as we said the earth is is really

770
00:29:11,430 --> 00:29:10,240
complex but it's the place that we all

771
00:29:12,909 --> 00:29:11,440
live

772
00:29:14,549 --> 00:29:12,919
we all have

773
00:29:15,990 --> 00:29:14,559
experiences

774
00:29:21,430 --> 00:29:16,000
and

775
00:29:23,029 --> 00:29:21,440
in order to

776
00:29:26,389 --> 00:29:23,039
understand more

777
00:29:29,350 --> 00:29:26,399
we have to be broader we have to not

778
00:29:32,549 --> 00:29:29,360
just measure the atmosphere not just

779
00:29:35,830 --> 00:29:32,559
measure the ocean not just do

780
00:29:37,110 --> 00:29:35,840
research on land but we have to

781
00:29:39,269 --> 00:29:37,120
understand

782
00:29:42,549 --> 00:29:39,279
how the processes

783
00:29:44,070 --> 00:29:42,559
interact that requires a broader

784
00:29:46,789 --> 00:29:44,080
scientific

785
00:29:49,269 --> 00:29:46,799
understanding but since it's the planet

786
00:29:50,549 --> 00:29:49,279
on which we all live we can take that

787
00:29:53,750 --> 00:29:50,559
understanding

788
00:29:56,630 --> 00:29:53,760
very straightforwardly and turn it into

789
00:29:59,269 --> 00:29:56,640
societal benefit the predictions that

790
00:30:00,149 --> 00:29:59,279
are being made the policies

791
00:30:03,110 --> 00:30:00,159
that

792
00:30:06,070 --> 00:30:03,120
are based on the analysis

793
00:30:07,510 --> 00:30:06,080
analyses that we do require

794
00:30:11,269 --> 00:30:07,520
a tremendous

795
00:30:16,710 --> 00:30:11,279
knowledge of social sciences of national

796
00:30:20,630 --> 00:30:16,720
objectives etc uh beyond just working in

797
00:30:22,389 --> 00:30:20,640
a laboratory or doing focused research

798
00:30:23,669 --> 00:30:22,399
so earth system

799
00:30:27,029 --> 00:30:23,679
science

800
00:30:30,789 --> 00:30:27,039
is a key broadening

801
00:30:32,870 --> 00:30:30,799
feature of what it is that we do and

802
00:30:35,990 --> 00:30:32,880
makes what we do with its societal

803
00:30:37,909 --> 00:30:36,000
benefit connections probably unique

804
00:30:40,310 --> 00:30:37,919
among all of

805
00:30:44,310 --> 00:30:40,320
of the of the scientific

806
00:30:51,770 --> 00:30:45,590
thank you thank you gentlemen thank you

807
00:30:59,110 --> 00:30:56,630
[Applause]

808
00:31:01,430 --> 00:30:59,120
up next we have jolyn russell to discuss

809
00:31:04,389 --> 00:31:01,440
raven a technology demonstration aimed

810
00:31:06,070 --> 00:31:04,399
at approving autonomous docking ms

811
00:31:07,990 --> 00:31:06,080
russell is the deputy robotics program

812
00:31:10,149 --> 00:31:08,000
manager of goddard space flight center

813
00:31:14,070 --> 00:31:10,159
satellite servicing projects division

814
00:31:17,669 --> 00:31:15,509
good morning thanks for the introduction

815
00:31:18,870 --> 00:31:17,679
it's great to be here with all of you

816
00:31:20,789 --> 00:31:18,880
as everyone else has shown their

817
00:31:23,110 --> 00:31:20,799
enthusiasm we too are excited to take

818
00:31:25,029 --> 00:31:23,120
raven to space station i'm really

819
00:31:27,269 --> 00:31:25,039
honored to be here to represent a great

820
00:31:29,190 --> 00:31:27,279
team that brought this project from

821
00:31:30,789 --> 00:31:29,200
basically conception

822
00:31:33,190 --> 00:31:30,799
to ready to ship

823
00:31:35,190 --> 00:31:33,200
within 18 months so that's a no small

824
00:31:37,509 --> 00:31:35,200
feat and of itself

825
00:31:39,750 --> 00:31:37,519
raven is

826
00:31:41,110 --> 00:31:39,760
a technology demonstration mission that

827
00:31:43,269 --> 00:31:41,120
will be

828
00:31:45,269 --> 00:31:43,279
testing and advancing an autopilot

829
00:31:47,110 --> 00:31:45,279
system for spacecraft

830
00:31:48,470 --> 00:31:47,120
it has three sensors

831
00:31:49,909 --> 00:31:48,480
that coupled with some advanced

832
00:31:51,669 --> 00:31:49,919
algorithms

833
00:31:53,669 --> 00:31:51,679
will be used to track the incoming and

834
00:31:54,630 --> 00:31:53,679
departing visiting vehicles from space

835
00:31:56,630 --> 00:31:54,640
station

836
00:31:59,110 --> 00:31:56,640
so this is a brand new technology for

837
00:32:01,669 --> 00:31:59,120
nasa we're really excited about it

838
00:32:03,509 --> 00:32:01,679
we'll use this for many applications the

839
00:32:05,909 --> 00:32:03,519
first of which is a restore l mission

840
00:32:08,230 --> 00:32:05,919
which is a mission that is focused on

841
00:32:11,269 --> 00:32:08,240
refueling where two will be building a

842
00:32:13,750 --> 00:32:11,279
satellite that will rendezvous capture

843
00:32:16,149 --> 00:32:13,760
another satellite and we'll refuel it at

844
00:32:18,149 --> 00:32:16,159
that point extending the capabilities of

845
00:32:19,669 --> 00:32:18,159
satellites in space

846
00:32:21,509 --> 00:32:19,679
addition in addition to that we can use

847
00:32:22,710 --> 00:32:21,519
this technology for journey to mars you

848
00:32:24,149 --> 00:32:22,720
can imagine that there's going to be

849
00:32:26,710 --> 00:32:24,159
refueling and all kinds of other

850
00:32:27,590 --> 00:32:26,720
rendezvous things that we need in that

851
00:32:29,750 --> 00:32:27,600
as we

852
00:32:31,669 --> 00:32:29,760
move on to that new frontier

853
00:32:34,549 --> 00:32:31,679
to put this in a little more perspective

854
00:32:37,269 --> 00:32:34,559
we have a life-size raven here to show

855
00:32:39,430 --> 00:32:37,279
you what we're sending to space station

856
00:32:41,669 --> 00:32:39,440
the silver box is the raven sensor

857
00:32:44,070 --> 00:32:41,679
enclosure in that we have a lidar so

858
00:32:45,509 --> 00:32:44,080
this is the send and receive apertures

859
00:32:47,509 --> 00:32:45,519
we also have

860
00:32:49,830 --> 00:32:47,519
an infrared camera and a visible camera

861
00:32:50,789 --> 00:32:49,840
so these three sensors together provide

862
00:32:52,630 --> 00:32:50,799
data

863
00:32:54,549 --> 00:32:52,640
about the vehicle as it's approaching we

864
00:32:56,789 --> 00:32:54,559
have a two axis gimbal over here so this

865
00:32:58,870 --> 00:32:56,799
gimbal will move the sensor it can

866
00:33:01,509 --> 00:32:58,880
rotate it this way both azimuth and also

867
00:33:03,509 --> 00:33:01,519
an elevation so as the inputs come in it

868
00:33:05,750 --> 00:33:03,519
tracks the vehicle and autonomously with

869
00:33:07,990 --> 00:33:05,760
no input from anyone decides how to

870
00:33:10,710 --> 00:33:08,000
track it until it's birthed

871
00:33:12,310 --> 00:33:10,720
so this is a great testbed for a restore

872
00:33:13,990 --> 00:33:12,320
l mission you can imagine that we can

873
00:33:15,990 --> 00:33:14,000
prove out one of the most complicated

874
00:33:17,509 --> 00:33:16,000
parts of that mission

875
00:33:19,430 --> 00:33:17,519
we also would like to show you a little

876
00:33:21,509 --> 00:33:19,440
bit about how raven came together so we

877
00:33:22,870 --> 00:33:21,519
have a video for that

878
00:33:25,110 --> 00:33:22,880
and we built this at goddard space

879
00:33:26,470 --> 00:33:25,120
flight center up in maryland

880
00:33:27,909 --> 00:33:26,480
we did the work in the clean room this

881
00:33:30,149 --> 00:33:27,919
was a big day for us when we brought

882
00:33:31,750 --> 00:33:30,159
together the sensor enclosure here with

883
00:33:34,310 --> 00:33:31,760
the gimbal kind of bringing the two

884
00:33:36,310 --> 00:33:34,320
systems together was a big step forward

885
00:33:37,990 --> 00:33:36,320
in our in our process all the work done

886
00:33:40,070 --> 00:33:38,000
here is in a clean room you can imagine

887
00:33:41,669 --> 00:33:40,080
that we don't want to get a camera in

888
00:33:42,950 --> 00:33:41,679
space just to have a smudge or a piece

889
00:33:43,750 --> 00:33:42,960
of dirt on it

890
00:33:45,029 --> 00:33:43,760
so

891
00:33:47,350 --> 00:33:45,039
once we get through the integration

892
00:33:49,830 --> 00:33:47,360
process we depart the clean room we go

893
00:33:51,430 --> 00:33:49,840
into a test suite where we'll

894
00:33:53,430 --> 00:33:51,440
go through a vibration test to make sure

895
00:33:55,350 --> 00:33:53,440
we can survive the rocket launch we'll

896
00:33:56,710 --> 00:33:55,360
also do some thermal back testing to

897
00:33:58,389 --> 00:33:56,720
make sure we can

898
00:34:00,470 --> 00:33:58,399
we have all the capabilities at both hot

899
00:34:01,830 --> 00:34:00,480
and cold once we get through all that we

900
00:34:03,590 --> 00:34:01,840
test and make sure we still have

901
00:34:04,310 --> 00:34:03,600
functionality

902
00:34:06,070 --> 00:34:04,320
so

903
00:34:07,509 --> 00:34:06,080
that's a big once we get through all

904
00:34:09,829 --> 00:34:07,519
that we're confident that we're ready to

905
00:34:11,990 --> 00:34:09,839
launch of course the biggest test of all

906
00:34:13,669 --> 00:34:12,000
is the actual rocket ride tomorrow

907
00:34:15,430 --> 00:34:13,679
this is showing once we get there we get

908
00:34:17,109 --> 00:34:15,440
docked on space station you saw some of

909
00:34:18,710 --> 00:34:17,119
the acrobatics that go along with that

910
00:34:20,950 --> 00:34:18,720
we'll go through a similar robotic

911
00:34:22,470 --> 00:34:20,960
install for raven

912
00:34:24,230 --> 00:34:22,480
and this is an image of how we will

913
00:34:25,990 --> 00:34:24,240
track the visiting vehicles coming in

914
00:34:27,109 --> 00:34:26,000
switching between the sensors and using

915
00:34:29,909 --> 00:34:27,119
that input

916
00:34:31,750 --> 00:34:29,919
to track it to birth

917
00:34:33,510 --> 00:34:31,760
looking forward to this we should be up

918
00:34:35,430 --> 00:34:33,520
there in the next couple days and if all

919
00:34:37,190 --> 00:34:35,440
goes to plan we will the first thing we

920
00:34:38,710 --> 00:34:37,200
see leave is the dragon capsule that we

921
00:34:44,149 --> 00:34:38,720
came in on so

922
00:34:47,750 --> 00:34:46,310
if you have questions please remember to

923
00:34:49,510 --> 00:34:47,760
raise your hand you can also ask

924
00:34:54,950 --> 00:34:49,520
questions via social media with the

925
00:34:54,960 --> 00:34:58,950
we have a question back here

926
00:35:02,550 --> 00:35:00,950
well this uh decrease the time it takes

927
00:35:04,950 --> 00:35:02,560
for like a

928
00:35:06,790 --> 00:35:04,960
a delivery vehicle to to attach it to

929
00:35:08,870 --> 00:35:06,800
the station because i noticed you know i

930
00:35:10,390 --> 00:35:08,880
i've seen one of those before and

931
00:35:12,950 --> 00:35:10,400
you see the vehicle from the space

932
00:35:15,109 --> 00:35:12,960
station it looks so close and then the

933
00:35:16,790 --> 00:35:15,119
the caption says it'll be connected in

934
00:35:18,150 --> 00:35:16,800
like 24 hours and you go wait it's right

935
00:35:19,430 --> 00:35:18,160
there why doesn't it just connect so

936
00:35:20,790 --> 00:35:19,440
fast

937
00:35:23,030 --> 00:35:20,800
we're not trying to speed up that

938
00:35:25,190 --> 00:35:23,040
well-tuned process by any means we're

939
00:35:26,950 --> 00:35:25,200
trying to develop the technology for

940
00:35:28,710 --> 00:35:26,960
other missions and doing the tracking

941
00:35:30,710 --> 00:35:28,720
and incoming but this will give us some

942
00:35:32,550 --> 00:35:30,720
new looks at the vehicles coming in that

943
00:35:37,349 --> 00:35:32,560
we don't have before so we're happy to

944
00:35:37,359 --> 00:35:41,109
questions

945
00:35:44,710 --> 00:35:42,950
does this kind of sensor require some

946
00:35:46,390 --> 00:35:44,720
sort of consistent framework whenever

947
00:35:48,150 --> 00:35:46,400
rockets are built in order for it to be

948
00:35:49,589 --> 00:35:48,160
compatible or is it more about the

949
00:35:52,550 --> 00:35:49,599
material that's used in order for the

950
00:35:54,069 --> 00:35:52,560
sensors to be able to track the location

951
00:35:56,550 --> 00:35:54,079
so you've hit on one of the very key

952
00:35:58,310 --> 00:35:56,560
elements of our whole mission in general

953
00:35:59,670 --> 00:35:58,320
so most of the satellites in fact all

954
00:36:01,430 --> 00:35:59,680
the satellites that are in space right

955
00:36:03,270 --> 00:36:01,440
now that we would target for refueling

956
00:36:05,270 --> 00:36:03,280
and other kinds of operation are not

957
00:36:06,950 --> 00:36:05,280
cooperative um they weren't planned to

958
00:36:08,710 --> 00:36:06,960
be captured and so this kind of

959
00:36:10,230 --> 00:36:08,720
technology is more complicated in that

960
00:36:12,630 --> 00:36:10,240
we're trying to pick up on features that

961
00:36:13,750 --> 00:36:12,640
just happen to be there and use those to

962
00:36:15,349 --> 00:36:13,760
track

963
00:36:17,510 --> 00:36:15,359
so one of our goals of our group in

964
00:36:19,270 --> 00:36:17,520
general is to make things more

965
00:36:20,950 --> 00:36:19,280
cooperative to put certain targets on

966
00:36:23,109 --> 00:36:20,960
them so that things are easier to find

967
00:36:24,150 --> 00:36:23,119
going forward but with what we have now

968
00:36:30,550 --> 00:36:24,160
we're trying to develop the

969
00:36:30,560 --> 00:36:35,720
great thank you ms russell

970
00:36:41,750 --> 00:36:39,589
[Applause]

971
00:36:43,430 --> 00:36:41,760
and now please welcome paul reichert

972
00:36:45,430 --> 00:36:43,440
he's associate principal scientist for

973
00:36:47,349 --> 00:36:45,440
merck research labs who will discuss the

974
00:36:49,510 --> 00:36:47,359
potential value of the space station's

975
00:36:57,190 --> 00:36:49,520
microgravity environment for improving

976
00:37:03,030 --> 00:37:00,310
good morning um i'm from merck research

977
00:37:04,550 --> 00:37:03,040
laboratories in kenilworth new jersey

978
00:37:06,829 --> 00:37:04,560
glad to see there was somebody else from

979
00:37:08,390 --> 00:37:06,839
new jersey here which was a pleasant

980
00:37:10,630 --> 00:37:08,400
surprise

981
00:37:13,430 --> 00:37:10,640
and i'm going to be telling you about my

982
00:37:15,030 --> 00:37:13,440
experiment or mercs experiment

983
00:37:17,510 --> 00:37:15,040
to grow

984
00:37:18,470 --> 00:37:17,520
crystalline suspensions in space

985
00:37:20,790 --> 00:37:18,480
and

986
00:37:23,589 --> 00:37:20,800
anybody who's been familiar with most of

987
00:37:26,230 --> 00:37:23,599
the experiments people have talked about

988
00:37:28,710 --> 00:37:26,240
in microgravity have been to grow

989
00:37:31,190 --> 00:37:28,720
large single crystals

990
00:37:33,829 --> 00:37:31,200
for structural studies

991
00:37:35,750 --> 00:37:33,839
and when i say large this means crystals

992
00:37:36,710 --> 00:37:35,760
that you can barely see with the naked

993
00:37:39,430 --> 00:37:36,720
eye

994
00:37:41,030 --> 00:37:39,440
but the focus of my experiment

995
00:37:43,190 --> 00:37:41,040
will be to grow

996
00:37:44,150 --> 00:37:43,200
crystalline suspensions so i'm looking

997
00:37:46,550 --> 00:37:44,160
to grow

998
00:37:49,750 --> 00:37:46,560
millions of crystalline particles a

999
00:37:51,349 --> 00:37:49,760
uniform size and high quality and high

1000
00:37:52,550 --> 00:37:51,359
order

1001
00:37:55,190 --> 00:37:52,560
and

1002
00:37:56,950 --> 00:37:55,200
these crystals have applications for

1003
00:37:59,349 --> 00:37:56,960
drug delivery

1004
00:38:00,630 --> 00:37:59,359
for formulation

1005
00:38:02,790 --> 00:38:00,640
and for

1006
00:38:04,870 --> 00:38:02,800
purification and

1007
00:38:07,430 --> 00:38:04,880
storage so what does this have to do

1008
00:38:10,150 --> 00:38:07,440
with microgravity you know why what does

1009
00:38:11,750 --> 00:38:10,160
microgravity have to offer us and

1010
00:38:14,150 --> 00:38:11,760
actually there's three effects that

1011
00:38:16,829 --> 00:38:14,160
we're trying to take advantage of number

1012
00:38:19,349 --> 00:38:16,839
one is is that there's reduced

1013
00:38:21,430 --> 00:38:19,359
sedimentation so these particles as they

1014
00:38:23,990 --> 00:38:21,440
grow have mass

1015
00:38:25,589 --> 00:38:24,000
and then as they grow in the solution

1016
00:38:27,750 --> 00:38:25,599
they tend to sediment and there's

1017
00:38:30,230 --> 00:38:27,760
turbulence around those particles and

1018
00:38:32,630 --> 00:38:30,240
that turbulence causes the particles not

1019
00:38:36,310 --> 00:38:32,640
to be as high ordered as they could

1020
00:38:38,150 --> 00:38:36,320
possibly be okay and the second effect

1021
00:38:40,550 --> 00:38:38,160
is that there's minimal convection

1022
00:38:43,190 --> 00:38:40,560
currents and the way i look at this is

1023
00:38:45,670 --> 00:38:43,200
that if you ever look at a pot boiling

1024
00:38:46,390 --> 00:38:45,680
and you see that swirling that's in that

1025
00:38:47,750 --> 00:38:46,400
pot

1026
00:38:50,950 --> 00:38:47,760
that's due to

1027
00:38:52,790 --> 00:38:50,960
that's a a gravity driven process where

1028
00:38:55,430 --> 00:38:52,800
there's not a uniform temperature

1029
00:38:58,310 --> 00:38:55,440
gradient in that solution

1030
00:39:01,190 --> 00:38:58,320
fortunately in microgravity what you get

1031
00:39:03,829 --> 00:39:01,200
is you get a uniform temperature

1032
00:39:06,069 --> 00:39:03,839
gradient throughout your solution

1033
00:39:08,150 --> 00:39:06,079
so if you have a

1034
00:39:10,069 --> 00:39:08,160
certain temperature where you need to

1035
00:39:12,390 --> 00:39:10,079
get crystals to grow

1036
00:39:14,950 --> 00:39:12,400
you can very exquisitely

1037
00:39:16,950 --> 00:39:14,960
reach that point get nucleation and

1038
00:39:17,990 --> 00:39:16,960
growth so we have a really exquisite

1039
00:39:21,109 --> 00:39:18,000
control

1040
00:39:22,710 --> 00:39:21,119
of the crystallization process

1041
00:39:26,150 --> 00:39:22,720
and the other effect that we'd like to

1042
00:39:29,510 --> 00:39:26,160
take advantage of is that there is

1043
00:39:30,710 --> 00:39:29,520
reduced uh molecular diffusion rates

1044
00:39:33,750 --> 00:39:30,720
and uh

1045
00:39:35,109 --> 00:39:33,760
what that well the way i i look at that

1046
00:39:38,630 --> 00:39:35,119
it's like a

1047
00:39:40,870 --> 00:39:38,640
uh a bricklayer who's building a wall

1048
00:39:43,430 --> 00:39:40,880
and if he's got to do it quick what it

1049
00:39:45,990 --> 00:39:43,440
does is the the bricks aren't nicely

1050
00:39:48,310 --> 00:39:46,000
gapped and with cement in between them

1051
00:39:50,870 --> 00:39:48,320
and then the wall is kind of crooked if

1052
00:39:53,030 --> 00:39:50,880
you can slow that process down and bring

1053
00:39:55,030 --> 00:39:53,040
in bricks one at a time and have a nice

1054
00:39:58,069 --> 00:39:55,040
water you're going to have

1055
00:40:00,390 --> 00:39:58,079
very nice well-ordered crystals of high

1056
00:40:02,310 --> 00:40:00,400
purity so that's our that's our goal

1057
00:40:05,430 --> 00:40:02,320
that we're trying to do here

1058
00:40:07,270 --> 00:40:05,440
um and uh the uh

1059
00:40:10,309 --> 00:40:07,280
protein that we're flying for this

1060
00:40:13,349 --> 00:40:10,319
experiment is actually a very uh

1061
00:40:15,710 --> 00:40:13,359
important new drug product from mark

1062
00:40:18,309 --> 00:40:15,720
it's called k trudeau and that's our

1063
00:40:20,230 --> 00:40:18,319
anti-pd-1 therapy

1064
00:40:21,910 --> 00:40:20,240
pd-1 is our

1065
00:40:23,349 --> 00:40:21,920
program death

1066
00:40:25,910 --> 00:40:23,359
protein

1067
00:40:27,750 --> 00:40:25,920
this drug

1068
00:40:30,230 --> 00:40:27,760
helps

1069
00:40:34,470 --> 00:40:30,240
your immune system

1070
00:40:37,349 --> 00:40:34,480
detect

1071
00:40:39,430 --> 00:40:37,359
fight and destroy tumor cells all right

1072
00:40:41,670 --> 00:40:39,440
so let me just quickly show you some of

1073
00:40:42,710 --> 00:40:41,680
the hardware that we're flying all right

1074
00:40:44,230 --> 00:40:42,720
the first

1075
00:40:45,990 --> 00:40:44,240
hardware

1076
00:40:48,550 --> 00:40:46,000
is the protein

1077
00:40:51,190 --> 00:40:48,560
crystallization growth

1078
00:40:53,829 --> 00:40:51,200
box all right and then this is the six

1079
00:40:56,150 --> 00:40:53,839
pack so there's five of these six packs

1080
00:40:58,550 --> 00:40:56,160
in here all right and then

1081
00:41:00,710 --> 00:40:58,560
there are six individual chambers in

1082
00:41:03,030 --> 00:41:00,720
here in each one of these chambers

1083
00:41:05,430 --> 00:41:03,040
there's a tiny little insert where we

1084
00:41:07,750 --> 00:41:05,440
put the protein and a little bit of

1085
00:41:09,670 --> 00:41:07,760
precipitant and then below that is

1086
00:41:13,109 --> 00:41:09,680
precipitant that's there

1087
00:41:15,910 --> 00:41:13,119
um and what happens is on launch

1088
00:41:18,150 --> 00:41:15,920
that insert is turned sideways so it's

1089
00:41:20,630 --> 00:41:18,160
protected all right and then once the

1090
00:41:24,550 --> 00:41:20,640
astronaut gets up there he just turns

1091
00:41:27,750 --> 00:41:24,560
the crank and turns that insert in vapor

1092
00:41:30,150 --> 00:41:27,760
contact with the solution below and what

1093
00:41:32,309 --> 00:41:30,160
will happen over time is that drop will

1094
00:41:34,550 --> 00:41:32,319
shrink and if we're fortunate and

1095
00:41:36,309 --> 00:41:34,560
conditions are right we'll get crystals

1096
00:41:38,470 --> 00:41:36,319
to grow okay

1097
00:41:39,430 --> 00:41:38,480
all right the other hardware that we're

1098
00:41:42,069 --> 00:41:39,440
flying

1099
00:41:45,750 --> 00:41:42,079
is called the protein crystallization

1100
00:41:48,390 --> 00:41:45,760
facility which is an aluminum uh box

1101
00:41:51,670 --> 00:41:48,400
that's under vacuum and then there's

1102
00:41:53,589 --> 00:41:51,680
individual 1ml bottles that are in there

1103
00:41:56,230 --> 00:41:53,599
and this is where temperature comes in

1104
00:41:59,109 --> 00:41:56,240
we we have our monoclonal antibody in

1105
00:42:00,790 --> 00:41:59,119
there and we have our prot our

1106
00:42:03,829 --> 00:42:00,800
precipitant in there

1107
00:42:06,230 --> 00:42:03,839
and the aluminum cap with the change in

1108
00:42:08,230 --> 00:42:06,240
temperature this is in an incubator

1109
00:42:10,390 --> 00:42:08,240
we can get a nice temperature gradient

1110
00:42:13,270 --> 00:42:10,400
across that bottle and that's how we

1111
00:42:14,230 --> 00:42:13,280
hope to get really high quality

1112
00:42:16,550 --> 00:42:14,240
pure

1113
00:42:18,550 --> 00:42:16,560
uh protein to crystallize

1114
00:42:20,230 --> 00:42:18,560
and we have

1115
00:42:23,430 --> 00:42:20,240
two of these modules

1116
00:42:25,670 --> 00:42:23,440
uh dedicated to two different uh

1117
00:42:28,710 --> 00:42:25,680
conditions to get crystals for drug

1118
00:42:32,150 --> 00:42:28,720
delivery and one of them are dedicated

1119
00:42:33,750 --> 00:42:32,160
to where we take relatively very impure

1120
00:42:36,790 --> 00:42:33,760
protein we take

1121
00:42:38,710 --> 00:42:36,800
uh the protein as it's grown in the

1122
00:42:41,109 --> 00:42:38,720
fermenter and we can get it to

1123
00:42:43,109 --> 00:42:41,119
crystallize on earth and we want to see

1124
00:42:45,510 --> 00:42:43,119
what happens in a microgravity

1125
00:42:47,750 --> 00:42:45,520
environment so i'm very excited about

1126
00:42:50,069 --> 00:42:47,760
this experiment because of the because

1127
00:42:52,950 --> 00:42:50,079
of of how different it is to pass

1128
00:42:54,950 --> 00:42:52,960
protein crystal growth experiments

1129
00:42:56,150 --> 00:42:54,960
i'm also

1130
00:42:57,349 --> 00:42:56,160
like to

1131
00:42:58,470 --> 00:42:57,359
thank

1132
00:43:01,109 --> 00:42:58,480
kasis

1133
00:43:03,349 --> 00:43:01,119
and nasa to give me an opportunity to do

1134
00:43:05,910 --> 00:43:03,359
research in the most unique laboratory

1135
00:43:08,150 --> 00:43:05,920
in the world and it is a laboratory

1136
00:43:11,030 --> 00:43:08,160
for doing research

1137
00:43:13,910 --> 00:43:11,040
i would like to say that we plan to

1138
00:43:16,069 --> 00:43:13,920
publish these results so that we can

1139
00:43:18,470 --> 00:43:16,079
share this with the broader community

1140
00:43:19,190 --> 00:43:18,480
and i'd like to say that we hope

1141
00:43:22,790 --> 00:43:19,200
that

1142
00:43:26,230 --> 00:43:22,800
these experiments benefit both

1143
00:43:33,109 --> 00:43:26,240
our patients as well as caregivers so

1144
00:43:35,910 --> 00:43:34,550
again if you have questions just raise

1145
00:43:37,510 --> 00:43:35,920
your hand wait for the microphone to get

1146
00:43:39,270 --> 00:43:37,520
to you before you start speaking so that

1147
00:43:40,870 --> 00:43:39,280
everyone can hear and if you have a

1148
00:43:42,309 --> 00:43:40,880
question and you're following along via

1149
00:43:47,829 --> 00:43:42,319
social media you can submit your

1150
00:43:52,870 --> 00:43:50,550
we have two questions in the back um

1151
00:43:55,430 --> 00:43:52,880
we're in the middle

1152
00:43:57,510 --> 00:43:55,440
hi thank you for the demonstration it's

1153
00:43:59,670 --> 00:43:57,520
very cool um so in addition to the

1154
00:44:01,670 --> 00:43:59,680
programmed cell death investigation what

1155
00:44:03,589 --> 00:44:01,680
other pharmaceutical applications are

1156
00:44:05,349 --> 00:44:03,599
you looking at with this particular

1157
00:44:06,309 --> 00:44:05,359
experiment

1158
00:44:09,030 --> 00:44:06,319
um

1159
00:44:10,390 --> 00:44:09,040
well the three the three things are drug

1160
00:44:14,150 --> 00:44:10,400
delivery

1161
00:44:16,390 --> 00:44:14,160
and one of the uh issues with

1162
00:44:19,030 --> 00:44:16,400
uh monoclonal uh

1163
00:44:22,630 --> 00:44:19,040
antibody therapy right now

1164
00:44:25,670 --> 00:44:22,640
is that there is relatively

1165
00:44:28,069 --> 00:44:25,680
insoluble drugs so they generally have

1166
00:44:30,790 --> 00:44:28,079
to be given in an iv

1167
00:44:32,710 --> 00:44:30,800
setting as a constant infusion and we're

1168
00:44:35,750 --> 00:44:32,720
looking at opportunities to make a

1169
00:44:38,069 --> 00:44:35,760
concentrated crystalline suspension

1170
00:44:41,430 --> 00:44:38,079
that could potentially be given as a

1171
00:44:42,309 --> 00:44:41,440
sub-q injection so this could alleviate

1172
00:44:45,030 --> 00:44:42,319
those

1173
00:44:47,349 --> 00:44:45,040
uh hours that a patient as well as a

1174
00:44:49,030 --> 00:44:47,359
caregiver has to do

1175
00:44:50,390 --> 00:44:49,040
three times a week

1176
00:44:53,109 --> 00:44:50,400
so

1177
00:44:55,910 --> 00:44:53,119
and then get a single injection in a

1178
00:44:57,990 --> 00:44:55,920
doctor's office or self-injection so

1179
00:45:00,790 --> 00:44:58,000
that that's one of the key

1180
00:45:09,270 --> 00:45:00,800
you know applications that i could see

1181
00:45:12,710 --> 00:45:11,109
thank you so if this experiment is

1182
00:45:15,109 --> 00:45:12,720
successful in space with the

1183
00:45:16,470 --> 00:45:15,119
crystallization how will you then

1184
00:45:18,390 --> 00:45:16,480
replicate it

1185
00:45:20,870 --> 00:45:18,400
for the masses

1186
00:45:23,270 --> 00:45:20,880
i always get that question

1187
00:45:25,589 --> 00:45:23,280
all right so the the there are things

1188
00:45:27,510 --> 00:45:25,599
that we can do i mean what we're going

1189
00:45:31,109 --> 00:45:27,520
to try to do is

1190
00:45:33,670 --> 00:45:31,119
uh to get uh the learn what are the key

1191
00:45:35,910 --> 00:45:33,680
variables for crystal growth that's

1192
00:45:37,510 --> 00:45:35,920
there and then apply them to earth

1193
00:45:39,589 --> 00:45:37,520
processes

1194
00:45:42,470 --> 00:45:39,599
we don't have plans of doing

1195
00:45:44,710 --> 00:45:42,480
manufacturing space i personally would

1196
00:45:46,630 --> 00:45:44,720
like to see that but

1197
00:45:49,910 --> 00:45:46,640
you know in the short term i think we're

1198
00:45:52,470 --> 00:45:49,920
using this as a research tool to tell us

1199
00:45:59,349 --> 00:45:52,480
better on what are the key variables to

1200
00:46:04,550 --> 00:46:00,950
great questions oh we have one more

1201
00:46:08,870 --> 00:46:06,790
this question comes from a k-12 student

1202
00:46:10,950 --> 00:46:08,880
with the society of women engineers and

1203
00:46:13,750 --> 00:46:10,960
how will this in a sentence or two in

1204
00:46:15,030 --> 00:46:13,760
future missions incorporate biochemical

1205
00:46:18,710 --> 00:46:15,040
research

1206
00:46:23,190 --> 00:46:20,550
one of the things i i've been very

1207
00:46:26,150 --> 00:46:23,200
fortunate in that i worked with nasa

1208
00:46:28,870 --> 00:46:26,160
during the the shuttle era and now uh

1209
00:46:31,990 --> 00:46:28,880
currently working with cases

1210
00:46:34,550 --> 00:46:32,000
and i it always seems like every time we

1211
00:46:36,309 --> 00:46:34,560
plan an experiment like this we plan to

1212
00:46:38,710 --> 00:46:36,319
get single crystals we get a lot of

1213
00:46:41,430 --> 00:46:38,720
little ones and we can figure out why we

1214
00:46:44,309 --> 00:46:41,440
did that or we or the opposite happens

1215
00:46:46,309 --> 00:46:44,319
or we find something else out about the

1216
00:46:49,670 --> 00:46:46,319
protein that we didn't know

1217
00:46:51,270 --> 00:46:49,680
and just the process of setting up these

1218
00:46:53,750 --> 00:46:51,280
experiments

1219
00:46:56,069 --> 00:46:53,760
a lot of researchers

1220
00:46:58,870 --> 00:46:56,079
improved the quality of research that

1221
00:47:01,670 --> 00:46:58,880
they do because they're so focused

1222
00:47:02,390 --> 00:47:01,680
in the uh in the experiment they have to

1223
00:47:03,829 --> 00:47:02,400
do

1224
00:47:06,470 --> 00:47:03,839
and they're

1225
00:47:09,109 --> 00:47:06,480
they're restricted in the in the

1226
00:47:11,670 --> 00:47:09,119
hardware and the design of the

1227
00:47:14,390 --> 00:47:11,680
experiment really forces us to do a

1228
00:47:16,470 --> 00:47:14,400
better job or understand the processes

1229
00:47:18,710 --> 00:47:16,480
that were of the experiments that we're

1230
00:47:20,870 --> 00:47:18,720
doing

1231
00:47:23,030 --> 00:47:20,880
we have one more question from

1232
00:47:24,710 --> 00:47:23,040
social media sure this asked ask a

1233
00:47:26,470 --> 00:47:24,720
question is from paul and he asks will

1234
00:47:28,230 --> 00:47:26,480
those crystalline experiments be

1235
00:47:29,589 --> 00:47:28,240
returned to earth for analysis or all

1236
00:47:31,510 --> 00:47:29,599
done on orbit

1237
00:47:32,470 --> 00:47:31,520
yes they will they are definitely coming

1238
00:47:35,670 --> 00:47:32,480
back

1239
00:47:38,549 --> 00:47:35,680
um and on in the dragon

1240
00:47:41,270 --> 00:47:38,559
and we'll bring them back to new jersey

1241
00:47:42,710 --> 00:47:41,280
and characterize those with a battery of

1242
00:47:43,750 --> 00:47:42,720
biochemical

1243
00:47:46,150 --> 00:47:43,760
uh

1244
00:47:47,510 --> 00:47:46,160
experiments

1245
00:47:49,030 --> 00:47:47,520
great thank you again mr reichert and

1246
00:47:55,270 --> 00:47:49,040
thank for thank you for the wonderful

1247
00:47:58,950 --> 00:47:57,589
i want to say this with even more

1248
00:48:00,710 --> 00:47:58,960
gratitude than normal for the two

1249
00:48:02,630 --> 00:48:00,720
researchers who are joining us today um

1250
00:48:05,270 --> 00:48:02,640
just so you know they have been up since

1251
00:48:07,190 --> 00:48:05,280
midnight where they had to be on site

1252
00:48:09,270 --> 00:48:07,200
getting their experiment ready to go to

1253
00:48:11,910 --> 00:48:09,280
the international space station

1254
00:48:13,829 --> 00:48:11,920
so please join me in welcoming rasha

1255
00:48:15,829 --> 00:48:13,839
hamamia who's director of integrative

1256
00:48:18,230 --> 00:48:15,839
systems biology with the u.s army

1257
00:48:20,069 --> 00:48:18,240
medical research and materiel command

1258
00:48:21,750 --> 00:48:20,079
and melissa casino who is associate

1259
00:48:23,829 --> 00:48:21,760
professor of orthopedic surgery at

1260
00:48:26,470 --> 00:48:23,839
indiana university school of medicine

1261
00:48:28,470 --> 00:48:26,480
they have information on research that

1262
00:48:35,349 --> 00:48:28,480
could improve wound healing please join

1263
00:48:38,790 --> 00:48:37,109
well thank you tabitha for uh

1264
00:48:41,430 --> 00:48:38,800
introduction and thank you all for being

1265
00:48:43,589 --> 00:48:41,440
here um as sabbath said we haven't slept

1266
00:48:45,030 --> 00:48:43,599
in the last 24 hours so if we start

1267
00:48:47,990 --> 00:48:45,040
mumbling or speaking a different

1268
00:48:48,870 --> 00:48:48,000
language please bear with us

1269
00:48:50,950 --> 00:48:48,880
so

1270
00:48:52,870 --> 00:48:50,960
i'm from the army

1271
00:48:54,630 --> 00:48:52,880
medical command

1272
00:48:56,870 --> 00:48:54,640
my institute is called u.s army center

1273
00:49:01,030 --> 00:48:56,880
for environmental health research

1274
00:49:06,309 --> 00:49:03,190
the biology and mechanisms of diseases

1275
00:49:07,349 --> 00:49:06,319
of military relevance so we screen for

1276
00:49:12,470 --> 00:49:07,359
thousands

1277
00:49:15,109 --> 00:49:12,480
proteins metabolites in the body to

1278
00:49:17,589 --> 00:49:15,119
understand mechanisms of diseases

1279
00:49:19,430 --> 00:49:17,599
we focus again on the service member

1280
00:49:21,670 --> 00:49:19,440
and this is one of the reasons why we're

1281
00:49:24,150 --> 00:49:21,680
working on bone healing

1282
00:49:25,670 --> 00:49:24,160
melissa and i met at one of the military

1283
00:49:27,349 --> 00:49:25,680
health

1284
00:49:29,670 --> 00:49:27,359
symposium

1285
00:49:31,430 --> 00:49:29,680
where we started discussing

1286
00:49:33,990 --> 00:49:31,440
potential collaborations because we are

1287
00:49:36,630 --> 00:49:34,000
very good on the biomarker research

1288
00:49:38,309 --> 00:49:36,640
melissa is an expert on orthopedic

1289
00:49:40,710 --> 00:49:38,319
research

1290
00:49:42,309 --> 00:49:40,720
we decided to work together we have more

1291
00:49:44,150 --> 00:49:42,319
than one project

1292
00:49:46,950 --> 00:49:44,160
studying bone healing and melissa had

1293
00:49:50,470 --> 00:49:46,960
developed a drug um that she's testing

1294
00:49:53,030 --> 00:49:50,480
now for bone healing that seems to be

1295
00:49:55,430 --> 00:49:53,040
safer than available drugs or fda

1296
00:49:57,349 --> 00:49:55,440
approved drugs

1297
00:49:59,589 --> 00:49:57,359
so this is this is how we started and we

1298
00:50:01,190 --> 00:49:59,599
started talking about microgravity and

1299
00:50:03,589 --> 00:50:01,200
melissa will tell you more about why

1300
00:50:06,230 --> 00:50:03,599
we're using microgravity if you go to

1301
00:50:08,150 --> 00:50:06,240
the first slide please

1302
00:50:10,710 --> 00:50:08,160
so this is the hardware that we spend

1303
00:50:13,430 --> 00:50:10,720
the whole night loading

1304
00:50:16,390 --> 00:50:13,440
now it's on the truck on the way to the

1305
00:50:19,430 --> 00:50:16,400
spacex um hopefully everything will be

1306
00:50:22,150 --> 00:50:19,440
as planned um as you see um

1307
00:50:24,630 --> 00:50:22,160
well maybe i should explain more but um

1308
00:50:29,430 --> 00:50:24,640
again why are we interested in this um

1309
00:50:33,109 --> 00:50:31,270
this is one of the pictures that i got

1310
00:50:35,190 --> 00:50:33,119
from melissa and this published that

1311
00:50:38,230 --> 00:50:35,200
shows um

1312
00:50:40,150 --> 00:50:38,240
bone fractures and bone injury

1313
00:50:42,790 --> 00:50:40,160
service members and soldiers coming back

1314
00:50:44,390 --> 00:50:42,800
from the war zone um bone injury is one

1315
00:50:45,910 --> 00:50:44,400
of the um

1316
00:50:48,230 --> 00:50:45,920
most common

1317
00:50:49,430 --> 00:50:48,240
injuries that the service member

1318
00:50:51,349 --> 00:50:49,440
would sustain

1319
00:50:52,870 --> 00:50:51,359
um this is why one of the reasons why

1320
00:50:56,069 --> 00:50:52,880
we're trying to understand what happened

1321
00:50:58,069 --> 00:50:56,079
in the body as the bone starts healing

1322
00:51:01,349 --> 00:50:58,079
looking at genes and proteins and

1323
00:51:02,950 --> 00:51:01,359
metabolites are differentially expressed

1324
00:51:03,910 --> 00:51:02,960
while the bone is healing so this will

1325
00:51:05,510 --> 00:51:03,920
help us

1326
00:51:06,549 --> 00:51:05,520
once we understand the mechanism will

1327
00:51:08,870 --> 00:51:06,559
help us

1328
00:51:10,390 --> 00:51:08,880
also in developing

1329
00:51:12,710 --> 00:51:10,400
drugs

1330
00:51:15,030 --> 00:51:12,720
to for for bone healing and i think i'll

1331
00:51:19,190 --> 00:51:15,040
turn to melissa now so great thank you

1332
00:51:22,630 --> 00:51:20,710
as you look at this

1333
00:51:24,390 --> 00:51:22,640
image of this x-ray as i think you can

1334
00:51:26,470 --> 00:51:24,400
imagine it's going to be very difficult

1335
00:51:29,109 --> 00:51:26,480
to heal and it will not heal on its own

1336
00:51:30,630 --> 00:51:29,119
without some sort of drug therapy so

1337
00:51:33,030 --> 00:51:30,640
that's what the orthopedic surgeon will

1338
00:51:33,829 --> 00:51:33,040
do at the time of surgery is help with

1339
00:51:36,950 --> 00:51:33,839
the

1340
00:51:39,349 --> 00:51:36,960
a drug and a lot to allow that to heal

1341
00:51:41,349 --> 00:51:39,359
now if you go to the next slide

1342
00:51:43,190 --> 00:51:41,359
um

1343
00:51:46,390 --> 00:51:43,200
we're having a

1344
00:51:48,230 --> 00:51:46,400
model using mice and you can see there's

1345
00:51:50,309 --> 00:51:48,240
an injury at the middle

1346
00:51:52,150 --> 00:51:50,319
in the slide to the left if you go to

1347
00:51:54,630 --> 00:51:52,160
the middle slide that shows that it

1348
00:51:56,950 --> 00:51:54,640
won't heal without the drug and now if

1349
00:51:58,870 --> 00:51:56,960
you use a drug on the right you see it

1350
00:51:59,990 --> 00:51:58,880
bridges and it allows for the healing of

1351
00:52:02,390 --> 00:52:00,000
the bone

1352
00:52:04,069 --> 00:52:02,400
and um so i think a lot of people would

1353
00:52:05,829 --> 00:52:04,079
say okay great well you can heal bones

1354
00:52:06,790 --> 00:52:05,839
fine on earth why do we need to go to

1355
00:52:08,549 --> 00:52:06,800
space

1356
00:52:11,430 --> 00:52:08,559
and you can go ahead and

1357
00:52:13,829 --> 00:52:11,440
show the the video loop while i talk

1358
00:52:15,589 --> 00:52:13,839
about this but really the important

1359
00:52:17,670 --> 00:52:15,599
thing is that

1360
00:52:18,470 --> 00:52:17,680
first image of the human fracture of the

1361
00:52:20,790 --> 00:52:18,480
leg

1362
00:52:23,589 --> 00:52:20,800
that's devastating those soldiers are

1363
00:52:25,750 --> 00:52:23,599
going to be about six months bedridden

1364
00:52:27,510 --> 00:52:25,760
on crutches it's going to be a long time

1365
00:52:29,750 --> 00:52:27,520
where they're not bearing weight

1366
00:52:32,069 --> 00:52:29,760
what happens to the animals that we

1367
00:52:34,230 --> 00:52:32,079
study here on earth immediately after

1368
00:52:36,470 --> 00:52:34,240
surgery they walk around

1369
00:52:37,670 --> 00:52:36,480
very different healing dynamics when

1370
00:52:38,549 --> 00:52:37,680
this occurs

1371
00:52:41,829 --> 00:52:38,559
and

1372
00:52:44,309 --> 00:52:41,839
a lot of our drug therapies are enhanced

1373
00:52:45,829 --> 00:52:44,319
when you are bearing weight and so

1374
00:52:49,109 --> 00:52:45,839
a lot of times things that work in

1375
00:52:51,430 --> 00:52:49,119
animals don't work in humans and we

1376
00:52:53,270 --> 00:52:51,440
think that this is because our model is

1377
00:52:55,109 --> 00:52:53,280
not perfect and so by using the

1378
00:52:57,430 --> 00:52:55,119
international space station we have a

1379
00:52:59,510 --> 00:52:57,440
much better model where we can test the

1380
00:53:01,670 --> 00:52:59,520
therapies and hopefully better translate

1381
00:53:04,870 --> 00:53:01,680
what works in animals to humans and so

1382
00:53:07,430 --> 00:53:04,880
that's really what our focus is here

1383
00:53:08,710 --> 00:53:07,440
and now russia might sum up on how we'll

1384
00:53:10,950 --> 00:53:08,720
also take some of this with the

1385
00:53:12,470 --> 00:53:10,960
molecular data she'll gain so the value

1386
00:53:14,630 --> 00:53:12,480
of what we call the whole genome

1387
00:53:16,390 --> 00:53:14,640
analysis is now we can screen for tens

1388
00:53:17,910 --> 00:53:16,400
of thousands of genes and proteins at

1389
00:53:20,309 --> 00:53:17,920
the same time

1390
00:53:22,230 --> 00:53:20,319
and and again understand mechanisms of

1391
00:53:24,150 --> 00:53:22,240
healing and what's very important is

1392
00:53:26,549 --> 00:53:24,160
that some of these mice will be treated

1393
00:53:28,630 --> 00:53:26,559
with melissa's drug and

1394
00:53:31,109 --> 00:53:28,640
on microgravity and this will help us

1395
00:53:34,150 --> 00:53:31,119
understand efficacy how what's happening

1396
00:53:36,630 --> 00:53:34,160
in the body as in as a response to the

1397
00:53:39,670 --> 00:53:36,640
specific drug we can understand how this

1398
00:53:41,510 --> 00:53:39,680
drug is healing the bone in microgravity

1399
00:53:43,109 --> 00:53:41,520
and again we have the ground control so

1400
00:53:45,990 --> 00:53:43,119
we can compare what's happening in

1401
00:53:48,870 --> 00:53:46,000
microgravity to the ground control

1402
00:53:51,910 --> 00:53:48,880
the other thing is

1403
00:53:54,470 --> 00:53:51,920
we don't only get the bones we can also

1404
00:53:56,309 --> 00:53:54,480
understand how microgravity or the space

1405
00:53:59,270 --> 00:53:56,319
flight space environment is affecting

1406
00:54:01,829 --> 00:53:59,280
our organ systems so we can also study

1407
00:54:03,510 --> 00:54:01,839
genes and proteins and metabolites

1408
00:54:05,270 --> 00:54:03,520
in the different organs and this will

1409
00:54:07,190 --> 00:54:05,280
help us understand

1410
00:54:09,349 --> 00:54:07,200
the health effects of

1411
00:54:11,510 --> 00:54:09,359
the space environment on our organ

1412
00:54:14,230 --> 00:54:11,520
systems and if i can add just one other

1413
00:54:16,390 --> 00:54:14,240
item so the drugs that the orthopedics

1414
00:54:18,549 --> 00:54:16,400
currently use in in the or a few years

1415
00:54:20,230 --> 00:54:18,559
ago were identified as having an

1416
00:54:22,470 --> 00:54:20,240
increased risk of developing cancer in

1417
00:54:24,069 --> 00:54:22,480
some cases and so that's why we think

1418
00:54:26,710 --> 00:54:24,079
our drug may be safer than what's

1419
00:54:28,950 --> 00:54:26,720
currently out there and by utilizing her

1420
00:54:31,349 --> 00:54:28,960
molecular knowledge we can try to prove

1421
00:54:33,030 --> 00:54:31,359
that it is safer

1422
00:54:35,430 --> 00:54:33,040
i would just like to

1423
00:54:37,190 --> 00:54:35,440
finish with just letting you know that

1424
00:54:39,349 --> 00:54:37,200
this is a huge

1425
00:54:41,430 --> 00:54:39,359
group effort that includes indiana

1426
00:54:42,789 --> 00:54:41,440
university the dod

1427
00:54:46,470 --> 00:54:42,799
the cases

1428
00:54:47,430 --> 00:54:46,480
nasa and dod space test program in the

1429
00:54:50,150 --> 00:54:47,440
lab

1430
00:54:50,829 --> 00:54:50,160
this morning or late at night we had

1431
00:54:54,470 --> 00:54:50,839
more

1432
00:54:57,750 --> 00:54:54,480
than 40 people in the lab just working

1433
00:54:59,109 --> 00:54:57,760
to get everything ready um but so it was

1434
00:55:00,549 --> 00:54:59,119
it was a huge effort and we're very

1435
00:55:01,829 --> 00:55:00,559
excited about it we're very happy to be

1436
00:55:07,829 --> 00:55:01,839
here

1437
00:55:11,510 --> 00:55:10,069
thank you both again as usual if you

1438
00:55:12,870 --> 00:55:11,520
have a question raise your hand make

1439
00:55:14,309 --> 00:55:12,880
sure the mic gets to you before you

1440
00:55:17,270 --> 00:55:14,319
start speaking and if you're following

1441
00:55:19,430 --> 00:55:17,280
along on social media use the hashtag

1442
00:55:21,910 --> 00:55:19,440
ask nasa

1443
00:55:24,390 --> 00:55:21,920
so obviously if these drugs could help

1444
00:55:26,309 --> 00:55:24,400
people um wound broken bones or

1445
00:55:28,549 --> 00:55:26,319
fractures that would be amazing could

1446
00:55:30,630 --> 00:55:28,559
there also be connections um and i asked

1447
00:55:32,870 --> 00:55:30,640
on behalf of my mother charlotte bone

1448
00:55:35,430 --> 00:55:32,880
who's had advanced osteoporosis from a

1449
00:55:37,109 --> 00:55:35,440
very young age can it have help a lot of

1450
00:55:39,349 --> 00:55:37,119
those medications don't help especially

1451
00:55:40,789 --> 00:55:39,359
if it's already progressed do you think

1452
00:55:42,710 --> 00:55:40,799
there's an impact that it could help

1453
00:55:45,190 --> 00:55:42,720
people who suffer from that as well that

1454
00:55:47,510 --> 00:55:45,200
that's a a great question and so i i'm

1455
00:55:50,549 --> 00:55:47,520
sure this audience is well aware that up

1456
00:55:52,549 --> 00:55:50,559
in up in space you lose bone in fact

1457
00:55:55,430 --> 00:55:52,559
astronauts lose about one to three

1458
00:55:57,510 --> 00:55:55,440
percent of their bone density in a month

1459
00:56:00,230 --> 00:55:57,520
somebody with advanced osteoporosis

1460
00:56:02,470 --> 00:56:00,240
loses closer to one percent in a year so

1461
00:56:04,309 --> 00:56:02,480
you can imagine how much the astronauts

1462
00:56:05,109 --> 00:56:04,319
are losing up in space

1463
00:56:07,349 --> 00:56:05,119
and

1464
00:56:09,190 --> 00:56:07,359
our therapy while it's going to be del

1465
00:56:11,670 --> 00:56:09,200
what what the orthopedic surgeons use in

1466
00:56:13,990 --> 00:56:11,680
our therapy is delivered locally these

1467
00:56:16,150 --> 00:56:14,000
drugs can be delivered systemically and

1468
00:56:16,950 --> 00:56:16,160
there is some evidence that it could

1469
00:56:18,710 --> 00:56:16,960
help

1470
00:56:20,630 --> 00:56:18,720
rebuild your bone

1471
00:56:22,230 --> 00:56:20,640
systemically so you're right it could

1472
00:56:25,270 --> 00:56:22,240
have applications not only for bone

1473
00:56:29,030 --> 00:56:25,280
healing but also for osteoporosis

1474
00:56:32,630 --> 00:56:30,950
what are some of the uh blood biomarkers

1475
00:56:34,630 --> 00:56:32,640
and genetic markers in particular i'm

1476
00:56:36,870 --> 00:56:34,640
sure there are many that you're looking

1477
00:56:39,349 --> 00:56:36,880
at i mean i'm thinking like hscrp and

1478
00:56:41,510 --> 00:56:39,359
white blood cells and um but i'm sure

1479
00:56:42,870 --> 00:56:41,520
there's so so so in the blood we're

1480
00:56:45,670 --> 00:56:42,880
we're taking the whole blood and

1481
00:56:49,349 --> 00:56:45,680
screening for all 40 000 genes

1482
00:56:51,430 --> 00:56:49,359
850 000 sites of dni of dna

1483
00:56:53,829 --> 00:56:51,440
so we're screening for everything and

1484
00:56:56,549 --> 00:56:53,839
the it's you know by screening for

1485
00:56:59,270 --> 00:56:56,559
everything we can then identify what's

1486
00:57:01,910 --> 00:56:59,280
significantly expressed so we don't

1487
00:57:03,910 --> 00:57:01,920
target specific gene or protein we

1488
00:57:05,750 --> 00:57:03,920
screen for all genes or proteins in the

1489
00:57:08,710 --> 00:57:05,760
body

1490
00:57:10,309 --> 00:57:08,720
methylation and expression exactly yes

1491
00:57:13,030 --> 00:57:10,319
i was told that

1492
00:57:14,390 --> 00:57:13,040
what yeah would what we do in dna

1493
00:57:17,510 --> 00:57:14,400
methylation we have

1494
00:57:20,309 --> 00:57:17,520
we do 850 000 dna

1495
00:57:22,069 --> 00:57:20,319
sites just to screen for methylation

1496
00:57:24,470 --> 00:57:22,079
we'll do micro rna

1497
00:57:26,549 --> 00:57:24,480
messenger rna as well as metabolomic

1498
00:57:28,549 --> 00:57:26,559
analysis and protein analysis

1499
00:57:31,270 --> 00:57:28,559
we'll also do the telomerase activity

1500
00:57:35,349 --> 00:57:31,280
and telomere length yeah just

1501
00:57:35,359 --> 00:57:37,670
hi

1502
00:57:41,349 --> 00:57:39,510
people with injuries with spending in

1503
00:57:43,990 --> 00:57:41,359
physical therapy

1504
00:57:46,150 --> 00:57:44,000
i think that's a great question so

1505
00:57:47,910 --> 00:57:46,160
our drug may not heal the bone any

1506
00:57:49,670 --> 00:57:47,920
quicker than the current therapies i

1507
00:57:52,549 --> 00:57:49,680
think it's going to be safer but

1508
00:57:54,230 --> 00:57:52,559
certainly i think as we learn

1509
00:57:56,230 --> 00:57:54,240
what weight bearing or what weight

1510
00:57:58,630 --> 00:57:56,240
bearing doesn't do for the bone that

1511
00:58:03,430 --> 00:57:58,640
your therapy regimens may change as a

1512
00:58:03,440 --> 00:58:07,670
other questions in the room

1513
00:58:13,230 --> 00:58:08,470
okay

1514
00:58:17,829 --> 00:58:15,910
[Applause]

1515
00:58:19,510 --> 00:58:17,839
remarkably coherent for being up online

1516
00:58:20,630 --> 00:58:19,520
i have to say

1517
00:58:22,710 --> 00:58:20,640
thank you very much and thank you for

1518
00:58:24,309 --> 00:58:22,720
the fantastic questions up next we have

1519
00:58:26,390 --> 00:58:24,319
dr anita gowell who's chairman and

1520
00:58:28,549 --> 00:58:26,400
scientific director for nanobiosim she

1521
00:58:30,630 --> 00:58:28,559
will discuss her research aimed at

1522
00:58:34,950 --> 00:58:30,640
improving response to antibiotic

1523
00:58:36,950 --> 00:58:34,960
resistant bacteria dr gowell

1524
00:58:37,829 --> 00:58:36,960
thank you very much

1525
00:58:39,910 --> 00:58:37,839
um

1526
00:58:40,789 --> 00:58:39,920
it's a pleasure to be here and a great

1527
00:58:42,950 --> 00:58:40,799
uh

1528
00:58:44,710 --> 00:58:42,960
excitement to be launching from where

1529
00:58:45,670 --> 00:58:44,720
the first manned mission to the moon

1530
00:58:46,789 --> 00:58:45,680
went

1531
00:58:49,990 --> 00:58:46,799
um

1532
00:58:51,670 --> 00:58:50,000
we are excited to put mrsa on which is a

1533
00:58:54,150 --> 00:58:51,680
superbug on the international space

1534
00:58:56,950 --> 00:58:54,160
station and investigate the effects of

1535
00:58:59,670 --> 00:58:56,960
microgravity on the growth and mutation

1536
00:59:01,829 --> 00:58:59,680
patterns of these bugs now what is mrsa

1537
00:59:04,549 --> 00:59:01,839
mrsa stands for methicillin-resistant

1538
00:59:07,270 --> 00:59:04,559
staph aureus which is

1539
00:59:09,750 --> 00:59:07,280
a bug a bacteria that has

1540
00:59:12,390 --> 00:59:09,760
evolved to become resistant to the

1541
00:59:14,470 --> 00:59:12,400
antibiotic methicillin and what happens

1542
00:59:16,950 --> 00:59:14,480
is that this is called the superbug

1543
00:59:18,710 --> 00:59:16,960
because it can rapidly mutate and become

1544
00:59:20,789 --> 00:59:18,720
resistant to the currently available

1545
00:59:22,710 --> 00:59:20,799
antibiotics that we have

1546
00:59:24,309 --> 00:59:22,720
and what we want to do is by putting

1547
00:59:25,750 --> 00:59:24,319
this on the international space station

1548
00:59:27,829 --> 00:59:25,760
is investigate

1549
00:59:30,150 --> 00:59:27,839
a what effect does microgravity have on

1550
00:59:32,789 --> 00:59:30,160
its growth on the mutation patterns of

1551
00:59:35,270 --> 00:59:32,799
the genome and the changes in the gene

1552
00:59:37,430 --> 00:59:35,280
expression patterns of this bacteria

1553
00:59:39,670 --> 00:59:37,440
and you may say well why what relevance

1554
00:59:42,870 --> 00:59:39,680
does this have well first this has a

1555
00:59:45,910 --> 00:59:42,880
practical application if we can use

1556
00:59:47,829 --> 00:59:45,920
let's say we have this hypothesis that

1557
00:59:49,990 --> 00:59:47,839
microgravity will accelerate the

1558
00:59:52,710 --> 00:59:50,000
mutation patterns

1559
00:59:55,670 --> 00:59:52,720
if we can use microgravity as a

1560
00:59:57,190 --> 00:59:55,680
accelerator to fast forward and get a

1561
00:59:58,549 --> 00:59:57,200
sneak preview of what these mutations

1562
01:00:00,470 --> 00:59:58,559
will look like

1563
01:00:03,030 --> 01:00:00,480
then we can essentially build smarter

1564
01:00:04,950 --> 01:00:03,040
drugs back on earth so that's the first

1565
01:00:06,710 --> 01:00:04,960
practical application and if i could

1566
01:00:08,069 --> 01:00:06,720
have the animation

1567
01:00:10,390 --> 01:00:08,079
um

1568
01:00:12,710 --> 01:00:10,400
do you guys have that

1569
01:00:14,390 --> 01:00:12,720
so for the past 20 years

1570
01:00:16,309 --> 01:00:14,400
i've had this hypothesis

1571
01:00:18,069 --> 01:00:16,319
that the environment affects the

1572
01:00:21,349 --> 01:00:18,079
information that's retrieved out of the

1573
01:00:23,349 --> 01:00:21,359
dna and my lab works on nanobiosome

1574
01:00:26,150 --> 01:00:23,359
works on this we can take a single

1575
01:00:28,150 --> 01:00:26,160
molecule of dna stretch it out

1576
01:00:30,470 --> 01:00:28,160
and investigate in real time the

1577
01:00:32,230 --> 01:00:30,480
dynamics of a nano machine called

1578
01:00:34,150 --> 01:00:32,240
polymerase as it reads and writes the

1579
01:00:36,870 --> 01:00:34,160
information in dna

1580
01:00:38,710 --> 01:00:36,880
and what we do is by changing different

1581
01:00:41,190 --> 01:00:38,720
knobs in the environment

1582
01:00:44,069 --> 01:00:41,200
we try to investigate what's the effect

1583
01:00:46,150 --> 01:00:44,079
we can have on the real-time dynamics of

1584
01:00:48,309 --> 01:00:46,160
this nano motor

1585
01:00:51,990 --> 01:00:48,319
and this is part of a deeper hypothesis

1586
01:00:54,309 --> 01:00:52,000
that the environment couples into

1587
01:00:56,950 --> 01:00:54,319
how these nanomotors read the

1588
01:00:58,950 --> 01:00:56,960
information stored in dna so how is

1589
01:01:00,549 --> 01:00:58,960
information retrieved from the genome or

1590
01:01:01,430 --> 01:01:00,559
the transcriptome

1591
01:01:03,589 --> 01:01:01,440
and

1592
01:01:05,829 --> 01:01:03,599
here on earth we're trying to manipulate

1593
01:01:07,430 --> 01:01:05,839
one knob at a time but what microgravity

1594
01:01:10,069 --> 01:01:07,440
allows us to do

1595
01:01:12,230 --> 01:01:10,079
is change the fundamental environment by

1596
01:01:14,150 --> 01:01:12,240
going from earth's gravitational field

1597
01:01:16,069 --> 01:01:14,160
to a near zero gravity environment and

1598
01:01:17,910 --> 01:01:16,079
see what is the effect of just changing

1599
01:01:21,589 --> 01:01:17,920
that gravitational

1600
01:01:23,270 --> 01:01:21,599
environment on the dynamics or on this

1601
01:01:25,430 --> 01:01:23,280
gene expression patterns and gene

1602
01:01:28,710 --> 01:01:25,440
mutation patterns which all depend on

1603
01:01:30,870 --> 01:01:28,720
this nano machines called polymerases

1604
01:01:32,549 --> 01:01:30,880
and this is just the tip of the iceberg

1605
01:01:35,510 --> 01:01:32,559
of what that means because first we have

1606
01:01:37,109 --> 01:01:35,520
to get an experimental effect where we

1607
01:01:39,349 --> 01:01:37,119
can tease out

1608
01:01:41,430 --> 01:01:39,359
that the effect that we see

1609
01:01:42,950 --> 01:01:41,440
is a signature of microgravity and not

1610
01:01:45,030 --> 01:01:42,960
some artifact so that's the first

1611
01:01:47,109 --> 01:01:45,040
challenge and the second is if there is

1612
01:01:49,510 --> 01:01:47,119
a real effect how do we tease out that

1613
01:01:51,109 --> 01:01:49,520
mechanism action what is the mechanism

1614
01:01:53,270 --> 01:01:51,119
by which this happens is it because

1615
01:01:54,789 --> 01:01:53,280
we're changing the gravitational field

1616
01:01:57,589 --> 01:01:54,799
or is it because we're going outside of

1617
01:01:59,270 --> 01:01:57,599
earth's atmosphere and there is less

1618
01:02:01,510 --> 01:01:59,280
filtering of various background

1619
01:02:03,990 --> 01:02:01,520
radiation no we don't know the answer to

1620
01:02:07,270 --> 01:02:04,000
that but this opens the door to start to

1621
01:02:08,309 --> 01:02:07,280
explore the physics of these systems and

1622
01:02:09,910 --> 01:02:08,319
and

1623
01:02:12,309 --> 01:02:09,920
so we're actually interested on two

1624
01:02:14,230 --> 01:02:12,319
levels the practical applications as

1625
01:02:16,230 --> 01:02:14,240
well as the um

1626
01:02:20,470 --> 01:02:16,240
fundamental science applications so i'm

1627
01:02:23,829 --> 01:02:21,829
yes

1628
01:02:25,750 --> 01:02:23,839
good morning thank you for this um what

1629
01:02:27,750 --> 01:02:25,760
in your in the last 20 years of your

1630
01:02:29,589 --> 01:02:27,760
hypothesis has led you led you to think

1631
01:02:31,349 --> 01:02:29,599
that either gravity or the presence of

1632
01:02:35,430 --> 01:02:31,359
other cosmic particles outside of our

1633
01:02:37,990 --> 01:02:35,440
atmosphere could have an impact on on

1634
01:02:40,230 --> 01:02:38,000
on the dna sequencing

1635
01:02:42,710 --> 01:02:40,240
that's a very good question so

1636
01:02:43,829 --> 01:02:42,720
i set out with this fundamental premise

1637
01:02:45,349 --> 01:02:43,839
that

1638
01:03:08,950 --> 01:02:45,359
the

1639
01:03:13,190 --> 01:03:11,430
what led me to this is actually using

1640
01:03:14,870 --> 01:03:13,200
i'm a physicist and a medical doctor by

1641
01:03:17,270 --> 01:03:14,880
training and i wanted to really

1642
01:03:19,829 --> 01:03:17,280
understand these systems from a physics

1643
01:03:21,190 --> 01:03:19,839
approach and it seemed to me that we

1644
01:03:22,870 --> 01:03:21,200
have to

1645
01:03:24,630 --> 01:03:22,880
living systems are fundamentally open

1646
01:03:26,630 --> 01:03:24,640
systems they exchange matter energy and

1647
01:03:28,309 --> 01:03:26,640
information with their environment and

1648
01:03:30,549 --> 01:03:28,319
we have to understand the role the

1649
01:03:32,789 --> 01:03:30,559
environment plays and most of our

1650
01:03:34,549 --> 01:03:32,799
mathematical machinery and physics has

1651
01:03:35,750 --> 01:03:34,559
dealt mostly with inanimate systems and

1652
01:03:37,430 --> 01:03:35,760
hasn't come to terms with those

1653
01:03:38,710 --> 01:03:37,440
questions so that's a subject of a

1654
01:03:42,230 --> 01:03:38,720
different lecture so i better not

1655
01:03:44,950 --> 01:03:42,240
digress but the the issue is that

1656
01:03:47,029 --> 01:03:44,960
what i wanted to do is using tools from

1657
01:03:49,430 --> 01:03:47,039
let's say nanotechnology and quantum

1658
01:03:51,510 --> 01:03:49,440
optics could we tease out an effect that

1659
01:03:53,589 --> 01:03:51,520
by changing one knob at a time in the

1660
01:03:55,029 --> 01:03:53,599
environment a physical knob in that

1661
01:03:57,510 --> 01:03:55,039
video we were changing things like the

1662
01:03:58,630 --> 01:03:57,520
mechanical stress on the dna could we

1663
01:04:01,190 --> 01:03:58,640
change

1664
01:04:04,069 --> 01:04:01,200
the pattern of how genes are read or

1665
01:04:06,470 --> 01:04:04,079
written by these little nanomotors whose

1666
01:04:09,430 --> 01:04:06,480
job it is now what microgravity enables

1667
01:04:12,150 --> 01:04:09,440
us to do is to change

1668
01:04:13,670 --> 01:04:12,160
this macro environment around where this

1669
01:04:18,470 --> 01:04:13,680
bacteria

1670
01:04:20,150 --> 01:04:18,480
is replicating and see the overall

1671
01:04:21,670 --> 01:04:20,160
effect

1672
01:04:23,270 --> 01:04:21,680
on the mutation pattern and the gene

1673
01:04:24,230 --> 01:04:23,280
expression pattern now that's

1674
01:04:33,190 --> 01:04:24,240
in

1675
01:04:35,029 --> 01:04:33,200
what's the effect on that and

1676
01:04:36,390 --> 01:04:35,039
you know there's some profound questions

1677
01:04:38,230 --> 01:04:36,400
there because

1678
01:04:39,589 --> 01:04:38,240
you know you would assume that the con

1679
01:04:42,630 --> 01:04:39,599
conventional thinking is all the

1680
01:04:44,710 --> 01:04:42,640
information of a biological organism is

1681
01:04:46,549 --> 01:04:44,720
encoded in its dna

1682
01:04:48,630 --> 01:04:46,559
and the counter

1683
01:04:50,390 --> 01:04:48,640
thesis here is that there is an

1684
01:04:52,470 --> 01:04:50,400
interplay of information in the

1685
01:04:54,150 --> 01:04:52,480
environment and this and a practical

1686
01:04:55,910 --> 01:04:54,160
example is you could have a person who

1687
01:04:58,069 --> 01:04:55,920
has you have two people who have the

1688
01:05:00,230 --> 01:04:58,079
same oncogene one may develop cancer and

1689
01:05:02,390 --> 01:05:00,240
one may not what's the difference it

1690
01:05:04,230 --> 01:05:02,400
must be something in the environment

1691
01:05:05,430 --> 01:05:04,240
and i could go on on that but

1692
01:05:06,870 --> 01:05:05,440
um

1693
01:05:08,309 --> 01:05:06,880
yes

1694
01:05:10,150 --> 01:05:08,319
please wait for the microphone to get to

1695
01:05:17,430 --> 01:05:10,160
you

1696
01:05:19,910 --> 01:05:17,440
question but a statement i've

1697
01:05:21,750 --> 01:05:19,920
unfortunately had numerous mrsa

1698
01:05:24,069 --> 01:05:21,760
infections that my doctor has no idea

1699
01:05:26,630 --> 01:05:24,079
why i keep getting them i just want to

1700
01:05:28,630 --> 01:05:26,640
say from a personal point of view i want

1701
01:05:30,630 --> 01:05:28,640
to thank you and i'm truly interested in

1702
01:05:37,990 --> 01:05:30,640
the research that's being done

1703
01:05:41,670 --> 01:05:39,829
if all of your hypotheses turned out to

1704
01:05:44,789 --> 01:05:41,680
be true what would the on earth

1705
01:05:47,910 --> 01:05:44,799
treatment for mrsa look like

1706
01:05:50,309 --> 01:05:47,920
well this is just the first step but

1707
01:05:52,549 --> 01:05:50,319
if indeed we could use the international

1708
01:05:53,910 --> 01:05:52,559
space station as an accelerator an

1709
01:05:55,589 --> 01:05:53,920
incubator to

1710
01:05:57,430 --> 01:05:55,599
get a sneak preview of what future

1711
01:05:59,910 --> 01:05:57,440
mutations would look like

1712
01:06:01,829 --> 01:05:59,920
on superbugs like mrsa

1713
01:06:04,549 --> 01:06:01,839
we would use that information to develop

1714
01:06:07,430 --> 01:06:04,559
better algorithms on earth so we could

1715
01:06:09,510 --> 01:06:07,440
inform drug discovery and

1716
01:06:10,950 --> 01:06:09,520
faster in a faster way get to smarter

1717
01:06:13,430 --> 01:06:10,960
drugs that are more personalized and

1718
01:06:16,309 --> 01:06:13,440
more precisely targeted to the bug at

1719
01:06:18,549 --> 01:06:16,319
hand or the to the drug resistant strain

1720
01:06:20,390 --> 01:06:18,559
at hand and we would have those bugs

1721
01:06:23,029 --> 01:06:20,400
those drugs ready before those mutant

1722
01:06:24,710 --> 01:06:23,039
strains actually came up emerged on

1723
01:06:26,470 --> 01:06:24,720
earth that's the idea the practical

1724
01:06:29,029 --> 01:06:26,480
application

1725
01:06:33,109 --> 01:06:30,950
oh okay sorry

1726
01:06:35,589 --> 01:06:33,119
um so speaking of the effect of the

1727
01:06:37,510 --> 01:06:35,599
external environment um on the genome

1728
01:06:39,510 --> 01:06:37,520
obviously looking at something in vitro

1729
01:06:41,589 --> 01:06:39,520
is different than in vivo and vivo were

1730
01:06:42,789 --> 01:06:41,599
exposed to the microbiome i know there's

1731
01:06:44,630 --> 01:06:42,799
been a lot of

1732
01:06:47,430 --> 01:06:44,640
interest lately in the microbiomes

1733
01:06:49,029 --> 01:06:47,440
effect on genetic expression and so i'm

1734
01:06:51,109 --> 01:06:49,039
wondering are you going to be examining

1735
01:06:52,870 --> 01:06:51,119
that at all and how microgravity affects

1736
01:06:55,190 --> 01:06:52,880
the microbiome of the even of the

1737
01:06:56,870 --> 01:06:55,200
astronauts on board

1738
01:06:58,870 --> 01:06:56,880
that's a fascinating personal interest

1739
01:07:00,630 --> 01:06:58,880
of mine in fact

1740
01:07:02,950 --> 01:07:00,640
my research institute and company

1741
01:07:04,789 --> 01:07:02,960
nanobios and we have developed a mobile

1742
01:07:07,670 --> 01:07:04,799
tricorder-like device that can do

1743
01:07:09,750 --> 01:07:07,680
real-time dna rna analytics that we hope

1744
01:07:11,190 --> 01:07:09,760
to in a future space mission be able to

1745
01:07:13,109 --> 01:07:11,200
put on the space station so instead of

1746
01:07:15,190 --> 01:07:13,119
waiting for the samples to come back to

1747
01:07:16,950 --> 01:07:15,200
earth to do the analysis you could do

1748
01:07:18,470 --> 01:07:16,960
the analysis in real time and beam the

1749
01:07:20,069 --> 01:07:18,480
data back to earth

1750
01:07:21,750 --> 01:07:20,079
but

1751
01:07:22,470 --> 01:07:21,760
we're we're as a

1752
01:07:25,349 --> 01:07:22,480
as

1753
01:07:27,910 --> 01:07:25,359
health care stand sort of at the cusp of

1754
01:07:29,589 --> 01:07:27,920
a new generation there is an opportunity

1755
01:07:31,750 --> 01:07:29,599
to start personalizing healthcare more

1756
01:07:34,069 --> 01:07:31,760
and by understanding the genomics

1757
01:07:35,510 --> 01:07:34,079
transcriptomics microbiomics

1758
01:07:37,510 --> 01:07:35,520
metabolomics

1759
01:07:40,870 --> 01:07:37,520
by getting real-time information about

1760
01:07:43,270 --> 01:07:40,880
these biomarkers and how to

1761
01:07:45,670 --> 01:07:43,280
how they interplay with

1762
01:07:47,750 --> 01:07:45,680
a person's health is i think one of the

1763
01:07:48,630 --> 01:07:47,760
next emerging frontiers of health on

1764
01:07:50,390 --> 01:07:48,640
earth

1765
01:07:53,029 --> 01:07:50,400
and uh so yeah i'm personally very

1766
01:07:55,109 --> 01:07:53,039
interested in in in that interplay and

1767
01:07:57,670 --> 01:07:55,119
and i think the fundamental hypothesis

1768
01:08:04,230 --> 01:07:57,680
does connect deeply into

1769
01:08:10,950 --> 01:08:08,630
is there any possible impact to the mrsa

1770
01:08:12,870 --> 01:08:10,960
um

1771
01:08:13,990 --> 01:08:12,880
samples

1772
01:08:15,910 --> 01:08:14,000
yeah sorry

1773
01:08:18,229 --> 01:08:15,920
is it is there any possible change that

1774
01:08:19,990 --> 01:08:18,239
can occur um in flight once before it

1775
01:08:20,870 --> 01:08:20,000
gets to the space station like is is

1776
01:08:21,669 --> 01:08:20,880
there

1777
01:08:23,269 --> 01:08:21,679
um

1778
01:08:25,590 --> 01:08:23,279
something about the environment of

1779
01:08:27,590 --> 01:08:25,600
actually traveling from earth into space

1780
01:08:29,269 --> 01:08:27,600
that could also affect

1781
01:08:31,349 --> 01:08:29,279
the behavior

1782
01:08:33,030 --> 01:08:31,359
very good question i mean what our team

1783
01:08:34,149 --> 01:08:33,040
has tried to do is very carefully

1784
01:08:38,789 --> 01:08:34,159
control

1785
01:08:41,590 --> 01:08:38,799
both before the space flight and in

1786
01:08:44,149 --> 01:08:41,600
parallel to the space flight to try to

1787
01:08:45,910 --> 01:08:44,159
to account for all these artifacts that

1788
01:08:47,829 --> 01:08:45,920
could be different uh that could

1789
01:08:49,590 --> 01:08:47,839
potentially lead to changes in gene

1790
01:08:50,870 --> 01:08:49,600
expression and mutation to to try to

1791
01:08:52,149 --> 01:08:50,880
parallelize

1792
01:08:56,950 --> 01:08:52,159
the

1793
01:08:58,789 --> 01:08:56,960
space station so we've tried to make

1794
01:09:01,189 --> 01:08:58,799
them as close as possible

1795
01:09:03,269 --> 01:09:01,199
but uh you're right the the bacteria

1796
01:09:04,709 --> 01:09:03,279
that go on spacex that then get loaded

1797
01:09:05,430 --> 01:09:04,719
onto the international space station

1798
01:09:07,510 --> 01:09:05,440
have

1799
01:09:08,470 --> 01:09:07,520
a traumatic experience in getting there

1800
01:09:10,470 --> 01:09:08,480
and so

1801
01:09:12,550 --> 01:09:10,480
we we're not simulating all of that

1802
01:09:14,550 --> 01:09:12,560
trauma but we are simulating the same

1803
01:09:16,309 --> 01:09:14,560
time and temperature behavior that

1804
01:09:17,910 --> 01:09:16,319
they're going to get exposed to

1805
01:09:20,309 --> 01:09:17,920
in the hopes that we're trying to tease

1806
01:09:23,269 --> 01:09:20,319
out the effects of the growth period in

1807
01:09:24,870 --> 01:09:23,279
microgravity um

1808
01:09:26,390 --> 01:09:24,880
and so i

1809
01:09:28,390 --> 01:09:26,400
would say that but i mean i think the

1810
01:09:30,390 --> 01:09:28,400
first thing is to try to see can we

1811
01:09:33,349 --> 01:09:30,400
tease out an effect that's not due to an

1812
01:09:34,950 --> 01:09:33,359
artifact so your question is well taken

1813
01:09:36,550 --> 01:09:34,960
and the second thing is to then figure

1814
01:09:37,829 --> 01:09:36,560
out what's the mechanism of action

1815
01:09:40,709 --> 01:09:37,839
that's where the sort of theoretical

1816
01:09:41,749 --> 01:09:40,719
physics approach comes into play

1817
01:09:44,789 --> 01:09:41,759
yes

1818
01:09:47,269 --> 01:09:44,799
and by sending this superbug into space

1819
01:09:49,669 --> 01:09:47,279
the iss does this pose any risk to the

1820
01:09:50,870 --> 01:09:49,679
astronauts who are up there

1821
01:09:53,349 --> 01:09:50,880
well it is

1822
01:09:55,830 --> 01:09:53,359
my understanding that the team at nasa

1823
01:09:57,510 --> 01:09:55,840
cases and bioserve who we are working

1824
01:10:01,030 --> 01:09:57,520
closely with have taken great

1825
01:10:03,590 --> 01:10:01,040
precautions to contain these

1826
01:10:06,470 --> 01:10:03,600
superbugs is not the first time bacteria

1827
01:10:07,350 --> 01:10:06,480
or superbugs have been flown uh into

1828
01:10:08,950 --> 01:10:07,360
space

1829
01:10:10,950 --> 01:10:08,960
uh but they're i believe there are three

1830
01:10:12,630 --> 01:10:10,960
levels of containment and they're

1831
01:10:13,750 --> 01:10:12,640
tightly packaged

1832
01:10:15,510 --> 01:10:13,760
and

1833
01:10:16,470 --> 01:10:15,520
there's something called a p pihab

1834
01:10:18,310 --> 01:10:16,480
that's

1835
01:10:20,390 --> 01:10:18,320
sort of a portable habitat for these

1836
01:10:22,630 --> 01:10:20,400
things so the astronauts never come into

1837
01:10:23,590 --> 01:10:22,640
contact with these bacteria and they're

1838
01:10:26,310 --> 01:10:23,600
also

1839
01:10:28,870 --> 01:10:26,320
protected against rapid depressurization

1840
01:10:31,590 --> 01:10:28,880
and all kinds of

1841
01:10:33,990 --> 01:10:31,600
ingenuous engineering has gone into

1842
01:10:35,669 --> 01:10:34,000
developing this so uh it is my

1843
01:10:36,630 --> 01:10:35,679
understanding that uh the astronauts

1844
01:10:39,030 --> 01:10:36,640
would

1845
01:10:39,460 --> 01:10:39,040
not come into contact with this and be

1846
01:10:40,790 --> 01:10:39,470
um

1847
01:10:43,030 --> 01:10:40,800
[Music]

1848
01:10:45,350 --> 01:10:43,040
you know it's really just to try to see

1849
01:10:47,669 --> 01:10:45,360
the effects of the microgravity on their

1850
01:10:49,590 --> 01:10:47,679
thing the bacteria themselves are pretty

1851
01:10:52,390 --> 01:10:49,600
shielded from the rest of the

1852
01:10:57,110 --> 01:10:54,550
[Music]

1853
01:10:58,950 --> 01:10:57,120
comes from john on twitter and he asks

1854
01:11:00,470 --> 01:10:58,960
any chance that increased radiation on

1855
01:11:02,229 --> 01:11:00,480
orbit will interfere with the goals of

1856
01:11:04,070 --> 01:11:02,239
your experiment

1857
01:11:06,390 --> 01:11:04,080
well i think it's a it's a very

1858
01:11:08,870 --> 01:11:06,400
important question to tease out

1859
01:11:11,030 --> 01:11:08,880
if there is a signature that we see is

1860
01:11:12,630 --> 01:11:11,040
that signature due to a change in the

1861
01:11:14,229 --> 01:11:12,640
gravitational field is that due to a

1862
01:11:16,149 --> 01:11:14,239
change in the background electromagnetic

1863
01:11:17,510 --> 01:11:16,159
radiation or is it due to some other

1864
01:11:19,590 --> 01:11:17,520
third party artifact that we haven't

1865
01:11:20,630 --> 01:11:19,600
even talked about so i think this is not

1866
01:11:22,950 --> 01:11:20,640
the end

1867
01:11:25,030 --> 01:11:22,960
all be all this is the beginning of

1868
01:11:27,189 --> 01:11:25,040
asking a question and trying to address

1869
01:11:29,030 --> 01:11:27,199
it with the tools we have available

1870
01:11:31,510 --> 01:11:29,040
but

1871
01:11:33,430 --> 01:11:31,520
it could be very possible that you know

1872
01:11:36,470 --> 01:11:33,440
as i said you you've removed the earth's

1873
01:11:38,550 --> 01:11:36,480
atmosphere so that filtration is gone

1874
01:11:41,110 --> 01:11:38,560
and you have more background

1875
01:11:43,030 --> 01:11:41,120
cosmic rays gamma rays subatomic

1876
01:11:45,510 --> 01:11:43,040
particles that are bombarding this and

1877
01:11:46,950 --> 01:11:45,520
could lead to a higher mutation rate the

1878
01:11:48,630 --> 01:11:46,960
the short answer is we don't know the

1879
01:11:50,870 --> 01:11:48,640
right answer yet but

1880
01:11:53,750 --> 01:11:50,880
we can ask the question and thanks to

1881
01:11:55,030 --> 01:11:53,760
microgravity research try to address it

1882
01:11:56,870 --> 01:11:55,040
and we're at the beginning stages of

1883
01:12:01,189 --> 01:11:56,880
addressing that but i think what's

1884
01:12:06,229 --> 01:12:03,510
most of biology

1885
01:12:08,630 --> 01:12:06,239
and the physical sciences have kept

1886
01:12:10,470 --> 01:12:08,640
in their own silos and something like

1887
01:12:13,270 --> 01:12:10,480
this kind of

1888
01:12:15,590 --> 01:12:13,280
space research enables us to bring

1889
01:12:17,189 --> 01:12:15,600
uh it's also what i'm passionate about

1890
01:12:19,830 --> 01:12:17,199
nanotechnology it does the same thing at

1891
01:12:21,270 --> 01:12:19,840
the very small and up in the sky

1892
01:12:23,590 --> 01:12:21,280
it enables us to bring these

1893
01:12:25,830 --> 01:12:23,600
traditionally different silos together

1894
01:12:27,270 --> 01:12:25,840
in an unprecedented way to ask

1895
01:12:28,630 --> 01:12:27,280
fundamental questions that could have

1896
01:12:30,390 --> 01:12:28,640
profound implications in our

1897
01:12:31,430 --> 01:12:30,400
understanding of life and living systems

1898
01:12:33,590 --> 01:12:31,440
and also

1899
01:12:35,430 --> 01:12:33,600
in our fundamental understanding i

1900
01:12:37,189 --> 01:12:35,440
believe also in physics because most of

1901
01:12:40,630 --> 01:12:37,199
physics hasn't dealt with life and

1902
01:12:42,470 --> 01:12:40,640
living systems mostly inanimate systems

1903
01:12:44,229 --> 01:12:42,480
yes

1904
01:12:46,070 --> 01:12:44,239
i think when everyone hears like mrsa in

1905
01:12:48,870 --> 01:12:46,080
space everyone starts to sit up and pay

1906
01:12:51,189 --> 01:12:48,880
attention but outside of that that's

1907
01:12:53,270 --> 01:12:51,199
attentive audience right but outside of

1908
01:12:54,709 --> 01:12:53,280
that specifically um what sort of things

1909
01:12:55,750 --> 01:12:54,719
are you hoping that you might be able to

1910
01:12:57,990 --> 01:12:55,760
find out

1911
01:12:59,510 --> 01:12:58,000
um outside of even the super bug realm

1912
01:13:00,950 --> 01:12:59,520
since we're talking about genetics here

1913
01:13:03,270 --> 01:13:00,960
and this is something that you know

1914
01:13:06,229 --> 01:13:03,280
you're on the forefront of

1915
01:13:08,310 --> 01:13:06,239
i think mrsa is a model system uh

1916
01:13:10,310 --> 01:13:08,320
the fundamental question is

1917
01:13:12,470 --> 01:13:10,320
what's the stability of a genome or a

1918
01:13:14,310 --> 01:13:12,480
transcriptome and how is that affected

1919
01:13:15,750 --> 01:13:14,320
by the environment

1920
01:13:18,470 --> 01:13:15,760
specifically

1921
01:13:19,830 --> 01:13:18,480
space create the microgravity creates an

1922
01:13:21,830 --> 01:13:19,840
extreme environment that we wouldn't

1923
01:13:24,229 --> 01:13:21,840
normally experience on earth

1924
01:13:26,390 --> 01:13:24,239
uh but can we by pushing the limits on

1925
01:13:29,510 --> 01:13:26,400
that system can we drive

1926
01:13:31,990 --> 01:13:29,520
this system into a behavior pattern that

1927
01:13:35,510 --> 01:13:32,000
reveals new phenomena which then extends

1928
01:13:37,669 --> 01:13:35,520
our understanding of these systems so

1929
01:13:39,590 --> 01:13:37,679
if you wanted to expand it in terms of

1930
01:13:42,070 --> 01:13:39,600
biological or medical relevance i would

1931
01:13:43,750 --> 01:13:42,080
say that

1932
01:13:46,070 --> 01:13:43,760
there are a number of diseases

1933
01:13:47,750 --> 01:13:46,080
conditions that become resistant that

1934
01:13:50,390 --> 01:13:47,760
evolve to become resistant to our

1935
01:13:53,510 --> 01:13:50,400
current therapies

1936
01:13:56,470 --> 01:13:53,520
bacteria infections virus infections

1937
01:13:58,390 --> 01:13:56,480
viral infections cancers can become drug

1938
01:13:59,910 --> 01:13:58,400
resistance to various chemotherapy

1939
01:14:02,390 --> 01:13:59,920
because of an evolution that they're

1940
01:14:04,229 --> 01:14:02,400
undergoing so the knowledge that we

1941
01:14:06,630 --> 01:14:04,239
could gain at a very fundamental level

1942
01:14:08,229 --> 01:14:06,640
by understanding the role that the

1943
01:14:10,950 --> 01:14:08,239
environment or the microenvironment

1944
01:14:13,590 --> 01:14:10,960
plays in driving the arrow of evolution

1945
01:14:15,669 --> 01:14:13,600
of these systems and the understanding

1946
01:14:17,590 --> 01:14:15,679
more about the stability of the genome

1947
01:14:18,790 --> 01:14:17,600
the transcriptome the microbiome and how

1948
01:14:20,310 --> 01:14:18,800
they interact

1949
01:14:21,350 --> 01:14:20,320
would help to

1950
01:14:23,750 --> 01:14:21,360
um

1951
01:14:25,430 --> 01:14:23,760
inform uh

1952
01:14:28,070 --> 01:14:25,440
our own you know a our deeper

1953
01:14:29,990 --> 01:14:28,080
understanding but our how we develop

1954
01:14:31,750 --> 01:14:30,000
therapeutics to these and how do we

1955
01:14:35,430 --> 01:14:31,760
target these kinds of

1956
01:14:38,070 --> 01:14:35,440
uh rapidly evolving uh

1957
01:14:40,630 --> 01:14:38,080
systems so one of the reasons why some

1958
01:14:42,790 --> 01:14:40,640
of these bugs and superbugs are deadly

1959
01:14:45,030 --> 01:14:42,800
or viruses are deadly

1960
01:14:45,750 --> 01:14:45,040
is because they rapidly mutate

1961
01:14:47,110 --> 01:14:45,760
and

1962
01:14:51,510 --> 01:14:47,120
what's

1963
01:14:53,270 --> 01:14:51,520
one question but if we understand how

1964
01:14:55,430 --> 01:14:53,280
they mutated where they're going to go

1965
01:14:57,590 --> 01:14:55,440
and mutate to that would help us

1966
01:15:00,310 --> 01:14:57,600
anticipate that and build better drugs

1967
01:15:02,310 --> 01:15:00,320
ahead of schedule

1968
01:15:04,790 --> 01:15:02,320
yes

1969
01:15:06,390 --> 01:15:04,800
technology advancing the way it is and

1970
01:15:08,709 --> 01:15:06,400
all the different areas and fields that

1971
01:15:11,030 --> 01:15:08,719
they're they seem to be in right now

1972
01:15:12,950 --> 01:15:11,040
how often are you revisiting certain

1973
01:15:14,950 --> 01:15:12,960
research that you may have done

1974
01:15:16,229 --> 01:15:14,960
in taking the account what you found or

1975
01:15:20,149 --> 01:15:16,239
what they may have found in another

1976
01:15:26,550 --> 01:15:21,990
uh for me that's a

1977
01:15:29,350 --> 01:15:26,560
daily uh what you gonna call it uh

1978
01:15:31,110 --> 01:15:29,360
a daily passion because uh you know

1979
01:15:32,950 --> 01:15:31,120
somebody once said that it's not about

1980
01:15:34,630 --> 01:15:32,960
always discovering new lands but looking

1981
01:15:36,470 --> 01:15:34,640
at things with fresh eyes

1982
01:15:38,709 --> 01:15:36,480
and i think that

1983
01:15:41,270 --> 01:15:38,719
we always have to look at the data

1984
01:15:43,590 --> 01:15:41,280
before us with new eyes and as we

1985
01:15:44,550 --> 01:15:43,600
integrate information across different

1986
01:15:46,630 --> 01:15:44,560
uh

1987
01:15:49,590 --> 01:15:46,640
silos and backgrounds i think it gives

1988
01:15:50,950 --> 01:15:49,600
us fresh insight i think

1989
01:15:52,950 --> 01:15:50,960
the international space station

1990
01:15:56,709 --> 01:15:52,960
microgravity is an

1991
01:15:58,950 --> 01:15:56,719
excuse for us to re-look at our our

1992
01:16:01,590 --> 01:15:58,960
accepted paradigms and ways of thinking

1993
01:16:04,070 --> 01:16:01,600
from a fresh perspective

1994
01:16:05,910 --> 01:16:04,080
and once we do that we learn new things

1995
01:16:07,110 --> 01:16:05,920
we discover new ways of looking at old

1996
01:16:08,709 --> 01:16:07,120
things

1997
01:16:11,030 --> 01:16:08,719
so it's not just about the new data but

1998
01:16:13,830 --> 01:16:11,040
it's about looking at the old data in

1999
01:16:20,790 --> 01:16:16,709
and i think one should keep doing that

2000
01:16:23,990 --> 01:16:23,110
great okay thank you thank you dr gowell

2001
01:16:29,030 --> 01:16:24,000
and thank you for the wonderful

2002
01:16:32,070 --> 01:16:30,550
we look forward to hearing more about

2003
01:16:34,149 --> 01:16:32,080
these investigations as the work

2004
01:16:36,790 --> 01:16:34,159
progresses over the coming months thank

2005
01:16:38,470 --> 01:16:36,800
you for the wonderful questions we had a

2006
01:16:40,470 --> 01:16:38,480
rather engaged audience so thank you for

2007
01:16:42,630 --> 01:16:40,480
that and to our participants for their

2008
01:16:44,390 --> 01:16:42,640
groundbreaking work that's it for our

2009
01:16:46,709 --> 01:16:44,400
preview of what's on board from nasa's

2010
01:16:50,229 --> 01:16:46,719
kennedy space center in florida keep

2011
01:16:52,709 --> 01:16:50,239
following along via social media at nasa

2012
01:16:53,750 --> 01:16:52,719
on twitter on facebook and keep up with

2013
01:16:57,189 --> 01:16:53,760
everything that's happening on the